The invention discloses an airborne collision avoidance system, an ACAS transmit-receive host digital signal loop self-detection system and a method. Without increasing extra hardware equipment, equipment original composition modules of a JSCPU, a coding FPGA, a decoding module, an FZCPU and inherent communication channels thereof are employed to work in a cooperative manner, and software programming is realized. According to the airborne collision avoidance system, the ACAS transmit-receive host digital signal loop self-detection system and the method, digital signal loop self-detection of an ACAS transmit-receive host can be automatically, periodically, and effectively realized, and the self-detection result is reported to a carrier aircraft maintenance system for fault display and record; real-time fault monitoring is performed in the whole work stage of the airborne collision avoidance system, functional module level fault positioning can be accomplished, fault isolation is effectively realized, maintenance and guarantee are facilitated, and the requirements of equipment tests and maintenance are met; host inherent hardware resources are employed in the manner of software programming, test equipment and manual intervention are not needed, the costs of manpower and material resources are effectively lowered, the testability and maintainability of the equipment are improved, and equipment production and maintenance are facilitated.