The invention relates to a device and method for achieving automatic grabbing and accurate attaching of an aircraft thermal insulation piece. The device comprises an outer frame module, a main shaft module, a normal leveling module, a vision alignment module, a pressure detection module and a suction cup set module. By means of the vision alignment module, the center of the thermal insulation piece and the center of the area where the thermal insulation piece is to be attached can be accurately found, the thermal insulation piece can be accurately attached to a machine body, and accuracy of all attached positions of the thermal insulation piece is ensured. By means of the normal leveling module, the axis of a motor, the center of a corresponding suction cup and the curved surface normal of the thermal insulation piece accurately coincide, and therefore tension and pressure can coincide with the normal of the thermal insulation piece all the time, and it is ensured that the force direction is perpendicular to the outer surface of the thermal insulation piece all the time when attachment and adhesion detection are conducted; the force, in the axial direction, of the motor is detected in real time through the pressure detection module, and therefore accurate and closed-loop control over loading of the motor is achieved; and by means of the suction cup set module, flexible design and adjustment of the diameter, the number and positions of suction cups are achieved according to requirements, and thermal insulation pieces of different sizes and irregular shapes are grabbed.