The invention relates to a processing system and a processing method for ultra-fine grinding filaments, comprising: a treatment liquid preparation device, a master batch preparation device, a melt spinning device, an image recognition device and a controller, and the treatment liquid preparation device is used for preparing treatment The master batch preparation device is used for processing the master batch; the melt spinning device is used to receive the master batch prepared by the master batch preparation device, and perform melt extrusion to obtain ultra-fine grinding filaments; the image recognition equipment is set At the outlet of the melt spinning device, it is used for image recognition of the ultra-fine grinding filaments, and the image of the device is transmitted to the controller, and the controller performs digital twin processing after receiving the image. , determine the processing effect of the ultra-fine grinding wire, and generate an adjustment signal according to the processing effect, and control the treatment liquid preparation device, the master batch preparation device, and the melt spinning device. The invention can improve the processing and production efficiency of the ultra-fine grinding wire, and can perform processing adjustment in time.