The invention provides a quality control material for detecting respiratory pathogen nucleic acid. The quality control material comprises any one or more of the following respiratory pathogens: coronavirus, influenza virus, adenovirus, mycoplasma pneumoniae, streptococcus pneumoniae, rhinovirus or / and legionella pneumophila. A full-length genome sequence of the coronavirus is divided into six target fragments, and the length of each fragment ranges from 4000 bp to 5500 bp. The quality control material disclosed by the invention covers all detection target sequences (or target spots) of the coronavirus, the coverage is wide, the detection target spots are comprehensive, and the phenomenon of missing detection is avoided. The quality control material provided by the invention contains main respiratory tract infection pathogens, has a wide coverage range, and has more accurate detection targets by taking a real virus sample and a slow virus sample as raw materials. According to the coronavirus quality control material prepared by the invention, a target gene sequence is integrated into a host genome through a lentiviral vector, an autonomously replicated gene is knocked out in the preparation process, and the coronavirus quality control material has a self-inactivation capability, so that the recombinant lentivirus cannot be replicated in a target cell and infects other cells.