The invention provides a method for detecting food-borne pathogenic bacteria on the basis of a metal organic framework material and aptamer fluorescence sensor. The fluorescence quenching characteristic of a metal organic framework material and the adsorbability of the framework material to aptamer are utilized, when the aptamer marked by a fluorescence probe is adsorbed to the metal organic framework material, fluorescence of the probe is quenched, a target bacterium is added into a system, the aptamer marked by the fluorescence probe leaves the metal organic framework material and is combined with the target bacterium to enhance fluorescence signals of the probe, and by means of the combination with high appetency and a high specific recognition ability of the aptamer, the method is constructed. Salmonellas are used as model analyte, the fluorescence intensity of the probe and the logarithm of target bacterium concentration form a good linear relation, the linearity range is 18-3.2*10<4> cfu/mL, the detection limit is 5 cfu/mL (S/N=3), the relative standard deviation (RSD) of standard adding experiments ranges from 3.6% to 7.5%, and the recovery rate is within the range of 90.0%-106.0%. The method for detecting the food-borne pathogenic bacteria has the advantages of being accurate, sensitive, high in specificity and the like.