The invention discloses a wide-range fiber bragg grating displacement sensor and a measuring method. The wide-range fiber bragg grating displacement sensor comprises a sensor body and a steel wire rope fixing structure. The sensor body comprises a sensor outer shell, an optical fiber, a strain beam, a first fiber bragg grating, a second fiber bragg grating, a precise screw, a first support, a reel, a steel wire rope, a spring box, a second support and a volute spiral spring, wherein the optical fiber, the strain beam, the first fiber bragg grating, the second fiber bragg grating, the precise screw, the first support, the reel, the steel wire rope, the spring box, the second support and the volute spiral spring are arranged inside the outer shell. The first support and the second support are fixed on the sensor outer shell. The outer side of the first support is fixedly provided with the strain beam. The upper side and the lower side of the strain beam are bonded with the first fiber bragg grating and the second fiber bragg grating respectively. The precise screw doing reciprocating movement through thread transmission is fixed between the first support and the second support. The reel is fixed on the precise screw. The wide-range fiber bragg grating displacement sensor has the advantages that the sensitivity of the sensor can be adjusted by changing the screw pitch P of the precise screw, the range can be adjusted by changing the diameter of the reel, and long-distance measuring can be carried out compared with an ordinary optical fiber sensor.