The invention discloses a moving target tracking and positioning method based on a single camera, and the method comprises the following steps: S1, carrying out the extraction of a moving target, carrying out the image collection of the moving target through the single camera, and the color space of a collected image being an RGB space; S2, identifying a moving object, specifically realizing the identification of the moving object through a digital image processing method; and S3, tracking and positioning the moving target, detecting the edge of the moving target through a Camshift algorithm and a neighborhood linear search method, and determining the relationship with the surrounding environment so as to carry out positioning processing. Compared with a traditional target tracking and positioning method, the iteration time of the tracking operation is reduced in the tracking time, the phenomena of frame loss and sudden change of the position of the moving target between two adjacent frames of collected images caused by the precision of the camera are effectively solved, and the method has the advantages of accurate tracking and positioning, high applicability, time saving and simple and convenient process.