The invention belongs to the technical field of new plant varieties and discloses a screening and cultivation method for high-quality and high-efficiency single-season japonica rice in the middle andlower reaches of the Yangtze River. The method comprises: collecting japonica rice varieties, carrying out sowing on May 11th, transplanting rice seedlings on June 1st, carrying out high-yield cultivation unified management to obtain a growth period, plant height, highest seedling, effective ear, grain number per ear, 1000-grain weight, a seed setting rate, ear length and a yield index parameter,and measuring a polished rice rate, a whole polished rice rate, chalkiness, a chalky grain rate, amylose content, protein content and gel consistency through a GBT 17891-1999 method. The method utilizes a gray correlation analysis method and a weight correlation analysis method to comprehensively inspect the above indicators to evaluate the quality of japonica rice. Compared with the traditional screening method, the screening and cultivation method is scientific, comprehensively evaluates the quality of japonica rice, accurately provides the use variety for accurate production and services the production.