179 results about "Oxide cathode" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of sodium ion battery positive electrode materials, in particular to a boric acid modified ternary layered oxide positive electrode material and a preparation method and application thereof. The chemical general formula of the boric acid modified ternary layered oxide positive electrode material is Na2 / 3Ni1 / 3Co1 / 3Mn1 / 3BxO, and x is more than 0 and less than or equal to 0.09; the boric acid modified ternary layered oxide positive electrode material is subjected to boric acid modification treatment and comprises interstitial doping of boron elements and a surface BO coating layer, the interstitial doped boron elements are located at tetrahedral sites of a transition metal layer, and the thickness of the BO coating layer is 3 nm to 10 nm. The boric acid modified ternary layered oxide positive electrode material prepared by the invention shows high specific capacity, good cycling stability and excellent rate capability in the sodium ion battery, and meanwhile, the preparation method disclosed by the invention has the advantages of simple preparation process, high cost effectiveness and the like, and has a wide application prospect.

The invention belongs to the technical field of electrochemical energy storage, and discloses a method for reducing residual alkali on the surface of a layered oxide positive electrode material and application of the layered oxide positive electrode material in a sodium ion battery, the chemical general formula of the layered oxide positive electrode material is NaxNiaMnbMcO2, wherein M is a mixture of more than one of Li < + >, K < + >, Mg < 2 + >, Ca < 2 + >, Ti < 4 + >, V < 3 + >, V < 4 + >, Cr < 3 + >, Fe < 3 + >, Co < 3 + >, Cu < 2 + > and Zn < 2 + >. X, a, b and c are molar ratios of corresponding elements respectively, and x is more than or equal to 0.6 and less than or equal to 1.0, 0lt; a is less than or equal to 0.5, 0.2 lt; b < = 0.7, 0 < = clt; 0.3 and a + b + c = 1; all the components meet charge conservation and stoichiometric conservation. The preparation method comprises the step of carrying out secondary sintering on the layered oxide positive electrode material synthesized by primary sintering in a specific atmosphere. The preparation process is simple, and a simple, convenient and easy-to-implement large-scale industrial production solution is provided.

The invention discloses a preparation method and application of a boron and fluorine co-doped potassium ion battery positive electrode material, the chemical formula of the boron and fluorine co-doped potassium ion battery positive electrode material is K < 0.5 > Mn < 0.73 > Ni < 0.22 > B < 0.05 > F < 0.05 > O < 1.95 >, bond energy of O-O and TM-O is changed through introduction of boron and fluorine, TM atom spacing is reduced, and interlayer spacing is increased, so that a wider ion transmission channel can be provided, and the service life of the battery is prolonged. And structural deformation is inhibited. In addition, introduction of boron and fluorine inhibits irreversible release of oxygen anions, and side reactions are reduced. The crystal structure of the manganese-based layered metal oxide positive electrode material is synergistically regulated by anions and cations, so that the prepared boron and fluorine co-doped potassium ion battery positive electrode material has good cycling stability and excellent rate capability.

The invention relates to the technical field of sodium ion batteries, in particular to a composite sodium ion positive electrode material, a preparation method thereof, a positive electrode plate and a sodium ion battery. The general formula of the composite sodium ion positive electrode material is Na < x > MO < 2-alpha > Na Fe V < c > Md (PO4) e (P2O7) f (SO4) g Nh, the NaxMO2 comprises an O3-phase layered oxide positive electrode material and / or a P2-phase oxide positive electrode material; and NaaFebVcAd (PO4) e (P2O7) f (SO4) gGh is a polyanion material. According to the composite sodium ion positive electrode material, the phenomena of particle crushing and pole piece brittle failure caused by excessive extrusion of layered oxide particles in the pole piece rolling process can be effectively relieved, and meanwhile, the phenomenon of particle cracking caused by interlayer slippage after long circulation can be inhibited.

The invention discloses a wastewater treatment and recovery process in the production process of a layered oxide positive electrode material of a sodium-ion battery, and belongs to the field of environmental protection, the wastewater treatment and recovery process comprises the following steps: S1, respectively carrying out pH regulation on mother liquor and washing water, and respectively carrying out MF microporous filtration on the mother liquor and the washing water after pH regulation; s2, the filtered mother liquor and washing water are subjected to pH adjustment respectively, and the mother liquor and washing water subjected to pH adjustment are subjected to UF ultrafiltration respectively; s3, carrying out first-stage RO membrane treatment on the washing water UF produced water subjected to UF ultrafiltration; carrying out second-stage RO membrane treatment on mother liquor UF produced water and first-stage RO concentrated water after UF ultrafiltration; s4, carrying out resin defluorination on the concentrated water treated by the second-stage RO membrane; the produced water after the second-stage RO membrane treatment is returned to the first-stage RO membrane treatment in the step S3; and S5, treating the wastewater subjected to resin defluorination through a bipolar membrane, and recovering to obtain sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid, so that the problem that sodium ions and sulfate ions cannot be recovered in the prior art is solved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of sodium-ion battery positive electrode material preparation, and particularly discloses a double-modified sodium-ion battery layered oxide positive electrode material and a preparation method thereof, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: S1, synthesizing a P2-type sodium-ion battery nickel-manganese-based layered oxide by using a high-temperature solid-phase method; s2, uniformly mixing two or more of lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, calcium fluoride or magnesium fluoride in proportion to prepare a multi-element fluoride coating material; and S3, uniformly mixing the P2-type sodium-ion battery nickel-manganese-based layered oxide and the multi-fluoride coating material according to a ratio, and then carrying out high-temperature quenching treatment to obtain the surface fluoride-coated and near-bulk-phase-doped dual-modified sodium-ion battery layered oxide positive electrode material. According to the dual-modified layered oxide positive electrode material for the sodium-ion battery and the preparation method, surface fluoride coating and near bulk phase doping are cooperatively utilized, so that the high-voltage cycle performance of the layered oxide positive electrode material for the sodium-ion battery is improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of sodium ion batteries, in particular to an MOF-coated layered oxide positive electrode material, a preparation method thereof and a sodium ion battery. The preparation method comprises the following steps: ball-milling and mixing a metal source and a sodium source, and calcining to obtain a layered oxide positive electrode material; the preparation method comprises the following steps: adding Mn salt or Al salt and 2, 5-dihydroxy terephthalic acid into a mixed solvent composed of dimethyl amide, ethanol and deionized water, stirring, and reacting to obtain an MOF material; and mixing the layered oxide positive electrode material and the MOF material, and carrying out heat treatment to obtain the MOF-coated layered oxide positive electrode material. The MOF serving as a coating layer material has a large-aperture structure, a diffusion channel is provided for sodium ion transmission, and the migration rate of sodium ions is increased; mn-MOF or Al-MOF is used as a coating layer material, so that the surface oxygen defect concentration of the layered oxide positive electrode material can be adjusted, the reversibility of oxidation reduction of oxygen anions can be improved, and the coulombic efficiency and the cycling stability of the battery during charging and discharging under a high-voltage condition can be further improved.

The invention relates to the field of secondary batteries, in particular to a sodium ion battery composite positive electrode material and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: preparing a layered transition metal oxide positive electrode material, mixing the layered transition metal oxide positive electrode material with a polyanion raw material, spray-drying, sintering and the like. Compared with the prior art, the preparation method has the advantages that the layered transition metal oxide positive electrode material is synthesized firstly, the layered transition metal oxide positive electrode material and the polyanion raw material are mixed in the early stage, and the spray drying technology is adopted, so that the two materials can be uniformly dispersed on the microscopic level; the uniform distribution is maintained in the subsequent sintering process, the phase splitting and segregation phenomena of the material are prevented, the component uniformity of the composite positive electrode material is ensured, and the prepared sodium ion battery has higher compaction density, high capacity, high energy density and more stable performance during use.

Some embodiments are directed to systems and methods for direct recycling of batteries. In one aspect, a method includes obtaining spent cathode materials from spent batteries. The method includes wet milling the spent cathode materials in an aqueous medium to obtain deagglomerated particles. The method includes spray drying the deagglomerated particles to obtain a plurality of clusters of particles. The method further includes annealing the plurality of clusters of particles in a gaseous environment to obtain a plurality of single particles.

The present disclosure provides the methods for preparing nickel-rich hydroxide precursor material and nickel-rich oxide cathode material having a homogeneous structure with an element concentration-gradient distribution by utilizing a continuous Taylor-flow reactor, comprising: (1) preparing an aqueous solution A with metal ion raw materials dissolved therein, an aqueous solution B with a manganese source dissolved therein, an aqueous solution C with a precipitant dissolved therein, and an aqueous solution D with a chelating agent dissolved therein; feeding the aqueous solution A, the aqueous solution C and the aqueous solution D into the continuous Taylor-flow reactor to perform a first co-precipitation reaction; (2) feeding the aqueous solution B into the continuous Taylor-flow reactor to perform a second co-precipitation reaction; (3) washing the precipitate obtained from the second co-precipitation reaction and putting the precipitate into an oven to dry the precipitate to fabricate the nickel-rich hydroxide precursor material. The nickel-rich hydroxide precursor material prepared with the method of the present disclosure exhibiting an element gradient distribution with the nickel-rich inner layer and the manganese-rich outer layer may reduce the diffusion impedance of the lithium ions and increase their migration paths, and the nickel-rich oxide cathode material prepared from the nickel-rich hydroxide precursor material may increase the electrochemical performances and mechanical stability of the lithium-ion cells, such as charging and discharging rate, long-term cycle life, etc.

The invention provides a composite sodium ion battery layered oxide positive electrode material and a preparation method thereof, the positive electrode material comprises an O3 type core layer material and a P2 type shell layer material, the chemical formula of the O3 type core layer material is NahNiiMnjFekZr1-i-j-kO2, 0.95 < = h < = 1.15, 0.25 < = i < = 0.4, 0.25 < = j < = 0.4, 0.25 < = k < = 0.4, 0.05 < = 1-i-j-k < = 0.15. The chemical formula of the P2 type shell layer material is Na < 0.7 > Ni < 0.37-p > Mg Mn < 0.63-q-r > Ti < q > Sn < r > O2, p is greater than or equal to 0.01 and less than or equal to 0.07, q is greater than or equal to 0.01 and less than or equal to 0.15, and r is greater than or equal to 0.01 and less than or equal to High charge-discharge specific capacity is provided through the O3 type core layer material, good air stability is provided through the P2 type shell layer material, and the cycle stability of the core layer material is improved by doping the zirconium element in the O3 type core layer material; by doping magnesium, titanium and tin elements in the P2 type shell material, the complex phase change of the shell material in the charge-discharge cycle process is inhibited, and the cycle stability of the shell material is improved, so that the positive electrode material has high charge-discharge specific capacity and keeps good air stability and high cycle stability at the same time.

The invention discloses a high-rate-performance sodium ion battery positive electrode material and a preparation method and application thereof.The preparation method comprises the steps that a Na source, a Ni source, a Mn source, a Sn source, a Li source and a Ti source are mixed to be uniform, and a first substance is obtained; and sintering the first substance in an air atmosphere at 900-1000 DEG C for 1-12 hours, and cooling along with a furnace to obtain the high-rate-performance sodium ion battery positive electrode material. The high-rate-performance sodium-ion battery positive electrode material is a Li and Ti co-doped nickel-manganese-tin layered oxide positive electrode material, and the rate performance and the cycling stability of the sodium-ion battery are remarkably improved through the Li and Ti co-doping synergistic effect. The sodium-ion battery prepared from the high-rate-performance sodium-ion battery positive electrode material has high rate performance and high cycle stability, and has potential application value in sodium-ion batteries, especially fast-charging solid-state sodium-ion batteries.

The invention discloses a preparation method for recycling and regenerating a Zn-doped manganese-sodium-rich electrical ternary positive electrode material from a waste nickel cobalt lithium manganate positive electrode. The Zn-doped sodium ion layered transition metal oxide positive electrode material is regenerated and prepared through the processes of acid leaching, coprecipitation and calcination. Related test results show that the regenerated Zn-doped layered nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide manganese-rich sodium battery positive electrode material shows relatively excellent sodium storage performance. According to the method, the recycling process is simplified, the waste power battery is taken as a raw material, valuable components are recycled, and the cycle performance of the layered transition metal oxide positive electrode material of the regenerated sodium ion battery is improved through Zn doping. According to the recovery method, high-value utilization of waste resources is realized; and meanwhile, the cycle performance of the layered transition metal oxide positive electrode material of the regenerated sodium-ion battery is improved by doping simple metal elements. The preparation process is simple, high in operability, wide in raw material source, low in cost and suitable for large-scale production, and meets environmental requirements.

The invention belongs to the technical field of sodium ion batteries, and particularly relates to a preparation method and application of a sodium ion layered oxide positive electrode material sodium ferro-nickel manganate. The method comprises the following steps: uniformly mixing a sodium source with alkali metal / alkaline earth metal carbonate; uniformly mixing the mixed material with a Ni / Fe / Mn-based ternary precursor and a dispersing agent to obtain a mixture; and sintering the mixture at a high temperature to obtain the sodium ion layered oxide positive electrode material sodium ferro-nickel manganate. Based on the molar ratio of sodium to alkali metal / alkaline earth metal to the precursor, the ratio of the sodium source to the alkali metal / alkaline earth metal carbonate to the precursor is (0.8-1): (0-0.5): (0.5-1). According to the method provided by the invention, the positive electrode material with relatively high capacity and relatively stable circulation can be prepared, and the method is low in cost, simple in preparation process, small in environmental pollution, free of dust pollution and beneficial to large-scale and commercialized popularization of products.

The invention discloses a layered oxide positive electrode material of a sodium ion battery and a preparation method of the layered oxide positive electrode material. The preparation method of the layered oxide positive electrode material comprises the following steps: 1) mixing a layered oxide positive electrode material precursor with a solvent to prepare precursor slurry; 2) mixing a sodium source with a solvent to prepare sodium-containing slurry; 3) mixing the precursor slurry and the sodium-containing slurry to obtain mixed slurry, and controlling the temperature to be 40-80 DEG C in the mixing process; 4) filtering the mixed slurry to obtain filter paste; 5) drying the filter paste; and 6) carrying out primary sintering on the dried filter paste, crushing and sieving the primary sintering material, and then carrying out secondary sintering to obtain the layered oxide positive electrode material of the sodium-ion battery. Compared with the prior art, the problem of poor mixing uniformity of the sodium source and the layered oxide precursor in the prior art is solved, and the consistency and the electrochemical performance of the layered oxide positive electrode material are effectively improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of batteries. The invention provides a composite positive electrode material and a preparation method and application thereof, the composite positive electrode material comprises a core and a coating layer coating the surface of the core, the core comprises a layered transition metal oxide positive electrode material, and the coating layer comprises a liquid metal material. A coating layer formed by using a special liquid metal material as a novel coating material can realize complete coating of primary particles and secondary particles, so that electron and charge transmission and structural stability are effectively promoted, and interface reaction is hindered; the sodium ion battery prepared from the composite positive electrode material still has high conductivity, excellent structural stability and electrochemical performance under the condition of not containing a positive electrode conductive agent.

The invention discloses an element doped and modified lithium-rich manganese-based layered oxide positive electrode material and a preparation method thereof, the chemical formula of the element doped and modified lithium-rich manganese-based layered oxide positive electrode material is Li < 1.2 > (Mn < 0.54 > Ni < 0.13 > Co < 0.13 >) < 1-x-y > Nb < x > B < y > O < 2 >, x is equal to 0.01-0.02, and y is equal to 0.01-0.02. According to the positive electrode material prepared by the invention, multi-element doping of niobium and boron is adopted, and the stability of a bulk phase and a surface crystal structure of the lithium-rich manganese-based layered oxide positive electrode material is improved by optimizing raw materials, element contents and process parameters, so that surface side reaction under high voltage is inhibited, and meanwhile, the ionic conductivity and the electronic conductivity of the material are greatly improved; and the high-voltage fast charging performance and the high-voltage cycling stability of the lithium-rich manganese-based layered oxide positive electrode material are obviously improved.

The invention discloses a double-doped P2 / O3 phase high-performance sodium ion battery layered oxide positive electrode material as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of sodium ion batteries. The chemical general formula of the P2 / O3 phase layered oxide is NaaM1bM2cNidFeeMnfXgO2, 0.5 < = a < 1.1, 0 < = b < = 0.2, 0 < = c < = 0.2, 0.1 < = d < = 0.5, 0.1 < = e < = 0.6, 0.1 < = f < = 0.6, 0 < g < = 0.2, d + e + f + g = 1, b and c are not 0 at the same time, and values of a, b, c, d, e, f and g enable the general formula to meet valence equilibrium; m1 and M2 are doped at the Na position, and X is doped at the TM position. According to the invention, a double-position co-doping strategy is adopted to prepare the double-position doped P2 / O3 phase layered oxide, when the double-position doped P2 / O3 phase layered oxide is used as the positive electrode material of the sodium ion battery, the reversible discharge capacity under 0.1 c reaches up to 140 mAh.g <-1 >, and the double-position doped P2 / O3 phase layered oxide has excellent cycle performance and excellent rate capability.

The invention relates to a coherent dual-phase type sodium ion battery layered oxide positive electrode material and a preparation method thereof. The structural general formula of the positive electrode material is Na < x > MaO < 2 > (at) Na < 0.8 > MbO < 2 >, xlt; 1; 0 lt; a < = 1; 0 lt; b < = 1; wherein M is selected from at least one of Ni, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Ti, V, Cr, Mg, Zn, K, Al, Ca, Mo, Ru, Nb, Ir and Zr. The coherent double-phase layered positive electrode material provided by the invention is simple and controllable in preparation process, low in raw material cost, mild in reaction condition and capable of realizing large-scale production.

In an anode and cathode synergistic electrocatalytic system for wastewater treatment and an application, an electrode having a “dual function” is used as a cathode. The cathode and an anode are sequentially arranged in a crisscrossed and parallel mode and fixed into an electrode group. The electrode group is paced in a reaction tank which has an aeration device at the bottom thereof, separately connecting the cathode and the anode of the electrode group to a power supply. Electrocatalytic degradation is performed on wastewater. In the electrocatalytic degradation process, a synergistic electrocatalytic degradation effect of the anode and the cathode is achieved by the mutual coordination of heterogeneous electro-fenton of the cathode and oxidation of the anode. The cathode ad anode synergistic electrocatalytic process has a good wastewater treatment effect, high current efficiency, low energy consumption, and low operation and maintenance costs.

The application discloses a synthesis method of a large single-crystal sodium-ion battery layered oxide positive electrode material, and comprises the following steps: (1) weighing metal oxides containing transition metal elements, transferring to a device with mixing functions, uniformly mixing, and obtaining a metal oxide mixture; (2) adding acid to the metal oxide mixture, fully mixing, and completing an acid treatment process; (3) adding alkali to the mixture after acid treatment, fully mixing; (4) transferring the mixture obtained in the step (3) to a calcining furnace, high-temperature calcining, and obtaining a layered oxide. The acid treatment process is introduced, the surface of the metal oxide forms a defect structure under the action of the acid, and the defect structure is more beneficial to the formation of strong interaction between each component of the metal oxide and between the metal oxide and sodium-containing alkali, so that a larger single-crystal layered oxide structure is finally formed, and the specific capacity, rate performance and cycle performance are excellent.

Disclosed herein are methods of preparing lithium transition metal oxide cathode materials for secondary batteries and other applications from elemental feedstocks and products thereof. The methods disclosed herein may include mixing at least one transition metal in elemental form with a lithium source in a dry solid state mixing process followed by a sintering step to form a lithium transition metal oxide cathode material.

The application belongs to the technical field of lithium ion batteries, and particularly relates to a kind of one-dimensional LiNi 1 / 3 Co 1 / 3 Mn 1 / 3 O2 ternary layered oxide positive electrode material and a preparation method thereof, which comprises the following steps: adding a nickel salt, a cobalt salt and a manganese salt into water, stirring and dissolving to obtain a solution A; adding LiMn2O4 into the solution A and stirring uniformly to obtain a solution B; mixing a lithium salt with water to obtain a solution C, and under stirring, adding the solution C into the solution B to obtain a solution D; evaporating the solution D under stirring to obtain a precursor powder; and sintering the precursor powder at 400-600 DEG C, and then sintering at 750-850 DEG C to obtain the positive electrode material. 1 / 3 Co 1 / 3 Mn 1 / 3 O2 material.

This invention belongs to the technical field of sodium-ion battery electrode materials, specifically relating to a preparation method and application of an air-stable molten asphalt-coated sodium selenide composite cathode sodium replenisher. The invention first prepares pure-phase sodium selenide nanoparticles in a glove box by room temperature stirring. Then, asphalt is grown in situ on the surface of the sodium selenide through ball milling and high-temperature calcination, thereby forming a core-shell structured sodium selenide composite sodium replenisher material coated with molten asphalt. The resulting composite sodium replenisher is stable in air for extended periods without deterioration, while simultaneously reducing the decomposition potential of sodium selenide and improving its decomposition efficiency. Coupled with a layered oxide cathode, it can achieve cathode sodium replenishment, compensating for the loss of active sodium caused by the growth of the SEI film on the surface of the hard carbon anode. Furthermore, its decomposition product, selenium, can inhibit the lattice oxygen evolution of the layered oxide cathode, improving the structural stability of the cathode and thus effectively enhancing the battery's initial efficiency and cycle performance, demonstrating promising commercial application prospects.

This invention provides a P2-type nickel-manganese base-based oxide cathode material for sodium-ion batteries and its preparation method. It relates to the field of sodium-ion battery material preparation and is prepared via a simple solid-state method, suppressing the formation of Na+. + This cathode material improves cycle stability based on a vacancy-ordered structure using Ti. 4+ Doping stabilizes the material structure and suppresses the deterioration of cycle performance caused by undesirable phase transitions under high pressure. Its chemical formula is Na. 0.67 Ni 0.18 Mg 0.1 Cu 0.05 Mn 0.67‑x Ti x O2 (0≤x≤0.2), the preparation method of this invention is simple, the prepared material has good cycle performance, and it has a good application prospect in the cathode material of sodium-ion batteries.

This invention discloses a monocrystalline cathode material for sodium-ion batteries, its preparation method, and its applications. The preparation method of this monocrystalline cathode material includes the following steps: mixing and sintering waste materials and / or precursor materials with molten salt to obtain a molten salt sintered product; washing the molten salt sintered product with a salt solution, followed by filtration and drying to obtain the monocrystalline cathode material for sodium-ion batteries. This invention is based on molten salt technology, introducing salt solution washing during the washing stage. Based on solvation structure regulation, it inhibits the damage of water molecules to the oxide cathode material, thereby achieving the cleaning of excess molten salt while maintaining the structural integrity of the newly prepared material. The method of this invention has the characteristics of low cost, simple process, and wide applicability. It can realize the unified recycling of waste materials in different states or the direct sodium intercalation of precursor materials, providing technical support for the closed-loop development of the sodium-ion battery industry.

This invention discloses an O3-phase high-entropy layered oxide cathode material, its preparation method, and its application, belonging to the technical field of sodium-ion battery cathode materials. The O3-phase high-entropy layered oxide cathode material has the chemical formula NaNi. 1‑ 8x Ca x Co x Al x Fe x Mn x Si x Ti x Zr x O2, x = 0.05~0.1. Raw materials are weighed according to stoichiometric ratio, mixed, and pulverized to obtain precursor powder. The precursor powder is then sintered in a pure oxygen atmosphere to obtain a first sintered product, which is then pulverized again. The pulverized product is then sintered in a pure oxygen atmosphere for a second step, and after cooling, an O3 phase high-entropy layered oxide cathode material is obtained. Sodium-ion batteries assembled based on this cathode material exhibit excellent high-rate performance and long-cycle stability.

This invention belongs to the field of sodium-ion battery material technology, specifically relating to a multiphase heterostructure sodium-ion battery metal oxide cathode material and its preparation method. The metal oxide cathode material of this invention is composed of at least two crystal phases selected from monoclinic P′3, cubic, hexagonal P2, and hexagonal P3. The preparation process includes: dissolving Ni and Mn sources in deionized water, adding a precipitant and ethylene glycol, and obtaining a precursor through a hydrothermal reaction; mixing the precursor with Co, Cu, and Na sources, and calcining to obtain the metal oxide cathode material. The multiphase heterostructure prepared by this invention is highly controllable, the operation process is simple, and it is applicable to other synthesis methods, thus facilitating industrial production. The obtained cathode material can mitigate structural distortion caused by phase transitions during charging and discharging, and improve the Na+ efficiency. + Reaction kinetics, thereby achieving excellent rate performance and cycle stability.

A synergistic stabilization effect in a Nb-doped P2-type single crystal cobalt-free layered oxide cathode material, offering remarkable cycling stability and high-power performance for Na-ion batteries have unveiled in this study. The introduction of Nb in the transition metal layer not only reduces the electronic band gap but also enhances electronic conductivity and mitigates ionic diffusion energy barriers.

Embodiments of the disclosure relate to post-treatment processes for single-crystalline lithium transition metal oxide cathode materials. The post-treatment processes may be dry post-treatment processes and include a dry mixing or coating step and one or more refirings. The dry coating may include mixing the single-crystalline cathode materials with one or more metal compounds in an environment free of solvents. A first refiring prior to the dry mixing may be at temperatures exceeding 700 degrees Celsius and a second refiring after the dry mixing may be at temperatures below 700 degrees Celsius. The coated and reheated cathode materials disclosed herein have superior cycle life compared to the pristine materials.