290 results about "Single ion" patented technology

Electrochemical cells, and more specifically, rechargeable batteries comprising lithium anodes for use in water and/or air environments, as well as non-aqueous and non-air environments, are presented. In one embodiment, an electrochemical cell includes an anode comprising lithium and a multi-layered structure positioned between the anode and an electrolyte of the cell. A multi-layered structure can include at least a first single-ion conductive material layer (e.g., a lithiated metal layer), and at least a first polymeric layer positioned between the anode and the single-ion conductive material. The invention also can provide an electrode stabilization layer positioned within the electrode, i.e., between one portion and another portion of an electrode, to control depletion and re-plating of electrode material upon charge and discharge of a battery. Advantageously, electrochemical cells comprising combinations of structures described herein are not only compatible with environments that are typically unsuitable for lithium, but the cells may be also capable of displaying long cycle life, high lithium cycling efficiency, and high energy density.

Provided is an anode for use in electrochemical cells, wherein the anode active layer has a first layer comprising lithium metal and a multi-layer structure comprising single ion conducting layers and polymer layers in contact with the first layer comprising lithium metal or in contact with an intermediate protective layer, such as a temporary protective metal layer, on the surface of the lithium-containing first layer. Another aspect of the invention provides an anode active layer formed by the in-situ deposition of lithium vapor and a reactive gas. The anodes of the current invention are particularly useful in electrochemical cells comprising sulfur-containing cathode active materials, such as elemental sulfur.

Electrode protection in electrochemical cells, and more specifically, electrode protection in both aqueous and non-aqueous electrochemical cells, including rechargeable lithium batteries, are presented. In one embodiment, an electrochemical cell includes an anode comprising lithium and a multi-layered structure positioned between the anode and an electrolyte of the cell. A multi-layered structure can include at least a first single-ion conductive material layer (e.g., a lithiated metal layer), and at least a first polymeric layer positioned between the anode and the single-ion conductive material. The invention also can provide an electrode stabilization layer positioned within the electrode, i.e., between one portion and another portion of an electrode, to control depletion and re-plating of electrode material upon charge and discharge of a battery. Advantageously, electrochemical cells comprising combinations of structures described herein are not only compatible with environments that are typically unsuitable for lithium, but the cells may be also capable of displaying long cycle life, high lithium cycling efficiency, and high energy density.

To provide comprehensive (i.e. rapid and sensitive) MS-MS analysis, the inventor employs a time-nested separation, using two time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometers. Parent ions are separated in a slow and long TOF1, operating at low ion energy (1 to l00eV), and fragment ions are mass analyzed in a fast and short TOF2, operating at much higher keV energy. Low energy fragmentation cell between TOF1 and TOF2 is tailored to accelerate fragmentation and dampening steps, mostly by shortening the cell and employing higher gas pressure. Since separation in TOF1 takes milliseconds and mass analysis in TOF2- microseconds, the invention provides comprehensive MS-MS analysis of multiple precursor ions per single ion pulse. Slow separation in TOF1 becomes possible with an introduction of novel TOF1 analyzers. The TOF-TOF could be implemented using a static TOF1, here described on the examples of spiratron, planar and cylindrical multi-pass separators with griddles spatial focusing ion mirrors. Higher performance is expected with the use of novel hybrid TOF 1 analyzers, combining radio frequency (RF) and quadratic DC fields. RF field retains low-energy ions within TOF 1 analyzer, while quadratic DC field improves resolution by compensate for large relative energy spread.

The invention provides a gas/liquid tandem mass spectrum system with a multimode ionization ion source. The gas/liquid tandem mass spectrum system is characterized by being formed by connecting a multimode ionization ion source, a gas chromatography, a Liquid Chromatography, a mass analyzer with purification and enrichment functions, and a flight time mass spectrometry in series. According to the invention, the applicability of a single-ion-source mass spectrometry specific to analysis of polymorphic samples is broadened, meanwhile, the high resolution performance of fragment ions on mass selection and analysis is enhanced, and the researches on an ionic reaction mechanism are realized.

An ion source includes an ion transfer tube having two segments for transporting a sample fluid containing ions between a first chamber and a second chamber maintained at a reduced pressure relative to the first chamber. A first segment may include a plurality of channels and heat conductive walls forming the plurality of channels. The plurality of channels and walls forming the channels promote efficient convective heat transfer to the sample fluid, thereby enabling operation at relatively high sample fluid flow rates, resulting in an increase in the number of ions that may be delivered to a mass analyzer. A second segment forms a single common channel that receives a plurality of sample streams and enables them to combine into a single ion stream that may be introduced as a single gas stream expansion into the second chamber.

Provided are a composite polymer electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery in which a composite polymer matrix multi-layer structure composed of a plurality of polymer matrices with different pore sizes is impregnated with an electrolyte solution, and a method of manufacturing the same. Among the polymer matrices, a microporous polymer matrix with a smaller pore size contains a lithium cationic single-ion conducting inorganic filler, thereby enhancing ionic conductivity, the distribution uniformity of the impregnated electrolyte solution, and maintenance characteristics. The microporous polymer matrix containing the lithium cationic single-ion conducting inorganic filler is coated on a surface of a porous polymer matrix to form the composite polymer matrix multi-layer structure, which is then impregnated with the electrolyte solution, to manufacture the composite polymer electrolyte. The composite polymer electrolyte is used in a unit battery. The composite polymer matrix structure can increase mechanical properties. The introduction of the lithium cationic single-ion conducting inorganic filler can provide excellent ionic conductivity and high rate discharge characteristics.

Provided is an anode for use in electrochemical cells, wherein the anode active layer has a first layer comprising lithium metal and a multi-layer structure comprising single ion conducting layers and crosslinked polymer layers in contact with the first layer comprising lithium metal or in contact with an intermediate protective layer, such as a temporary protective metal layer, on the surface of the lithium-containing first layer. The anodes of the current invention are particularly useful in electrochemical cells comprising sulfur-containing cathode active materials, such as elemental sulfur.

Solar cells and other semiconductor devices are fabricated more efficiently and for less cost using an implanted doping fabrication system. A system for implanting a semiconductor substrate includes an ion source (such as a single-species delivery module), an accelerator to generate from the ion source an ion beam having an energy of no more than 150 kV, and a beam director to expose the substrate to the beam. In one embodiment, the ion source is single-species delivery module that includes a single-gas delivery element and a single-ion source. Alternatively, the ion source is a plasma source used to generate a plasma beam. The system is used to fabricate solar cells having lightly doped photo-receptive regions and more highly doped grid lines. This structure reduces the formation of “dead layers” and improves the contact resistance, thereby increasing the efficiency of a solar cell.

A single ion-beam deposition, or a dual ion-beam deposition process for fabricating attenuating phase shift photomask blanks capable of producing a phase shift of 180° and having an optical transmissivity of at least 0.001 at selected lithographic wavelengths <400 nm, comprising at least one layer of an optically transmitting and/or one layer of optically absorbing elemental or a compound material in a periodic or an aperiodic arrangement.

The TOF mass spectrometer disclosed places an even number of ion mirrors in close proximity to a MALDI ion source and a field-free drift space between the exit from the mirrors and an ion detector. This “reversed geometry” configuration may be distinguished from a conventional reflecting TOF analyzer employing a single ion mirror where a large fraction of the total drift space is located between the ion source and the mirror.

The invention provides a fluidized bed water treatment device realizing chemical crystallization circulating granulation. The device is characterized in that a water distribution area, a chemical distribution area, a granulation area and a clear water area are sequentially arranged in a cylinder from bottom to top; the granulation area is divided into three areas by an inner cylinder, an area close to the bottom in the inner cylinder is a fluidization area, an area close to the top in the inner cylinder is a separation area, an interlayer between the inner cylinder and the cylinder is a static settling area; the fluidization area is communicated with a seed crystal adding pipe, seed crystals circularly flow among the fluidization area, the separation area and the static settling area, and ions in water realize the chemical crystallization circulating granulation in the flowing process; the fluidization area is further communicated with a grain discharge pipe, and grains formed through the chemical crystallization circulating granulation are settled to the bottom in the fluidization area and discharged from the grain discharge pipe finally. The overall structure is clear, function units are compactly connected, the plane utilization rate is high, the operation is convenient, a certain single ion in multiple kinds of ions can be removed, and multiple kinds of ions in water can be removed efficiently and synchronously.

A chargeable alkali metal-sulfur liquid flow battery comprises a positive electrode chamber portion, a diaphragm and a negative electrode chamber portion, wherein the positive electrode chamber portion comprises a positive electrode reaction chamber and a liquid storage tank communicated with a positive electrode chamber pipeline. The positive reaction chamber comprises a positive electrode collector and positive electrode sizing, and the positive electrode sizing used for a positive electrode circulates between the positive electrode reaction chamber and the liquid storage tank. The negative electrode chamber portion comprises a negative electrode reaction chamber comprising a negative electrode, a negative electrode collector and negative electrode electrolyte, and the diaphragm is a single-ion conductor diaphragm and is arranged between the positive electrode reaction chamber and the negative reaction chamber. Only one working ion rather than any other substances such as non-working ions is guaranteed to conduct between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The positive electrode sizing is composed of positive electrode electrolyte and positive active matters mixed in the positive electrode electrolyte, and the positive active matters are one or more kinds of MxSy (M=Li or Na; 0(x</=2; 0(y</=12).

The invention discloses a lithium single ion conduction polymer electrolyte based on functionalized lithium borate. A double-bond-containing functionalized lithium borate and a sulfydryl-containing compound are subjected to an alkene-sulfydryl click reaction, or the double-bond-containing functionalized lithium borate and the sulfydryl-containing compound and a double-bond-containing polyether are subjected to a poly-alkene-sulfydryl click reaction to prepare a linear or network-shaped all-solid-state or gel catalyst. The lithium single ion conduction polymer electrolyte prepared by the invention has the advantages of simple and easily implemented synthesis, low-cost and easily available raw materials, high room-temperature conductivity, high lithium ion mobility, wide electrochemical window, and the like; and a lithium battery assembled by the electrolyte provided by the invention has high safety, high rate capability, long cycle life and stability.

An automatic gain control (AGC) technique and apparatus is introduced herein for any temporally non-uniform ion beam, such as, for example, an ion beam produced by a MALDI ion source so as to minimize space charge effects. The disclosed configurations and techniques can be achieved by using an ion optical gating element and applying a desired signal waveform (e.g., a square wave) having a predetermined duty cycle. The applied voltage amplitude of such a signal can be configured to switch between a voltage which fully transmits the ions, and a voltage which does not transmit any ions. The frequency is chosen to result in a period which is significantly lower than the smallest non-uniformity period. Techniques of the present invention can also be extended to methods of AGC which can use a single ion injection event from the ion source to avoid variations in ion numbers from an unstable ion source.

The invention discloses a preparation method and an application of a single-ion conductive polymer electrolyte membrane. The preparation method and the application are characterized by adopting heat initiated free radical polymerization, a polymerization system comprises lithium-containing monomers, poly(ethyleneglycol)methacrylate and a cross-linking agent, and a specific plasticizer is added toa reaction system before the reaction. The preparation method of the single-ion conductive polymer electrolyte membrane comprises steps as follows: the lithium-containing monomers, poly(ethyleneglycol)methacrylate, the cross-linking agent and a thermal initiator are dissolved in the plasticizer, and after heat initiated polymerization, the transparent self-supporting electrolyte membrane with certain mechanical strength is obtained. The preparation method and the application have the advantages as follows: a one-pot method is adopted for synthesis, the operation is convenient, and the steps are simple; the prepared electrolyte membrane has good mechanical strength, heat stability and electrochemical stability, and further has high ionic conductivity and large transport number of lithium ions; an assembled lithium metal battery shows excellent cycle performance.

Apparatus, methods, systems and devices for fabricating individual CNT collimators. Micron size fiber coated CNT samples are synthesized with chemical vapor deposition method and then the individual CNT collimators are fabricated with focused ion beam technique. Unfocused electron beams are successfully propagated through the CNT collimators. The CNT nano-collimators are used for applications including single ion implantation and in high-energy physics, and allow rapid, reliable testing of the transmission of CNT arrays for transport of molecules.

The invention discloses a bipolar ion migration tube, which is characterized in that: a bipolar structure of the bipolar ion migration tube consists of an ion source, positive and negative ion extraction poles, a reaction region, an ion gate, a drift region, a grid, positive and negative ion reception poles and the like, which are distributed axially. Positive and negative product ions generated by ionizing an object to be detected by an ionization source are led in the reaction region respectively, fly to two poles of the migration tube in an electric field provided by a high-voltage power supply and are finally received by the positive and negative ion reception poles respectively for detection. The bipolar ion migration tube can reflect the information of the positive and negative product ions generated by ionizing the object to be detected by an ionization source simultaneously and provide more information on differences for the object to be detected at same peak positions in a single ion mode, thereby improving the fast recognition and the detectability of an ion migration spectrometry on the object to be detected.