The invention discloses an impact test device and method used for a rock or concrete test sample. The impact test device comprises a launching system, a fixing support, an electronic laser velocimeter, a high-speed camera shooting system and a test sample baffle, the test sample baffle and the launching system are arranged oppositely, and the electronic laser velocimeter is used for detecting thespeed of the launched test sample; the launching system comprises a nitrogen steel cylinder, a gas storage room, a launching barrel, a sabot and a sabot and test sample separating device, and the gasstorage room is connected with the launching barrel through an electromagnetic switch. During usage, the gas storage room is filled with gas through the nitrogen steel cylinder, then the electromagnetic switch is rapid switched on, gas flows push the sabot with the test sample to conduct launching rapidly from the launching barrel, then, the test sample and the sabot are separated, the test sampleimpacts on the test sample baffle, impact data of the test sample is recorded through the electronic laser velocimter and the high-speed camera shooting system, and the transient stress strain fieldof the test sample impact is analyzed through 3DDIC software. The test device is easy and convenient to assemble, efficient in test process and high in repeatability.