The invention relates to a cement-based composite material and a pressure sensor made of the same. The problems that the cement-based composite material has poor electrical resistivity and stress sensing ability because carbon fibers are not uniformly dispersed in a matrix, the pressure sensor is poor in stability and low in sensitivity and the like are solved. The graphene oxide/carbon fiber cement-based composite material is composed of functional components, cement, a dispersing agent, a water reducing agent, a defoaming agent, fine aggregates and other mineral admixtures, wherein the functional components include graphene oxide and carbon fibers, graphene oxide accounts for 0.01-5% of the total mass of a cementing material, and the carbon fibers account for 0.01-5% of the total mass of the cementing material. The graphene oxide/carbon fiber cement-based composite material disclosed by the invention has the advantages of high strength, good durability, few porosity defect, good compactness and the like; the pressure sensor has the advantages of stable initial electrical resistivity, high stress sensing ability, high sensitivity, good stability and the like; and the cement-based composite material is superior to a cement-based composite material which only takes the carbon fibers, graphene oxide, carbon black or steel slag and the like as a conductive phase.