93results about How to "Concentration maximization" patented technology

Apparatus and method for plasma deposition of thin film photovoltaic materials at microwave frequencies. The apparatus avoids unintended deposition on windows or other microwave transmission elements that couple microwave energy to deposition species. The apparatus includes a microwave applicator with conduits passing therethrough that carry deposition species. The applicator transfers microwave energy to the deposition species to activate or energize them to a reactive state conducive to formation of a thin film material. The conduits physically isolate deposition species that would react or otherwise combine to form a thin film material at the point of microwave power transfer. The deposition species are separately energized and swept away from the point of power transfer to prevent thin film deposition. Suitable deposition species include precursors that contain silicon, germanium, fluorine, and/or hydrogen. The invention allows for the ultrafast formation of silicon-containing amorphous semiconductors that exhibit high mobility, low porosity, little or no Staebler-Wronski degradation, and low defect concentration.

Efavirenz compositions of enhanced bioavailability are described that contain efavirenz with at least one solubility-enhancing polymer. Described methods to produce the bioenhanced products comprise solvent spray drying. One aspect of the method includes the steps of providing a mixture comprising efavirenz, a solubility-enhancing polymer and a single solvent, a solvent blend or solvent/non-solvent blend removing and then evaporating the mixture to form amorphous efavirenz.

Apparatus, methods, and kits for treating symptoms associated with common ailments, such as headaches, rhinitis, asthma, epilepsy, nervous disorders and the like, are provided. The apparatus comprises dispensers for carbon dioxide and other therapeutic gases. The methods comprise delivering small volumes of these gases to patients in a manner where the gas infuses into a body region in order to bathe the mucous membranes therein. It has been found that even very short exposure of patients to small volumes and high concentrations of such gases can provide significant relief from symptoms.

A linearly reflecting trough concentrator that receives spectral energy, preferably visible and near-infrared solar energy spectra, and linearly reflects that energy onto a smaller area on one side of the device, thereby concentrating the energy. The linearly reflecting trough concentrator has the geometry of a single slope-relief interval in a Fresnel lens, and in preferred embodiment comprises an array of heliostatic facets connected continuously to form the base of the trough, a non-imaging focal point where a photonic receiver is located, and a relief surface to connect the heliostatic array to the receiver location. When spectral energy enters the trough at an angle normal to the array's horizontal reference, the concentrator linearly reflects energy to one side of the device where an energy receiver is mounted. The concentrator comprises an array of heliostats oriented according to the negative profile of two interleaved linear Fresnel lens, where the slope of one is the relief of the other. The concentrator reflects energy above and to each side of the device. Optionally using a reflecting projector on one side of the device, energy is then doubly concentrated to the other side. The device offers higher concentration ratios with an equivalent trough depth than prior art reflective trough concentrators. The device requires less depth and offers a lower-profile than prior art reflecting concentrators with the same degree of concentration.

The invention discloses an intermittent reactor control system based on a control variable parameterization method. The system comprises an intermittent reactor, and a temperature sensor, an analog to digital converter, a site bus network, a DCS (distributed control system), a main control chamber and product concentration status display which are arranged at the end of the intermittent reactor, and a digital to analog converter and a temperature control valve which are arranged at the end of the intermittent reactor. After duration of production process, initial concentration status of materials in the reactor and a target product required to increase concentration are determined by an engineer in a control chamber, the DCS acquires a temperature control strategy to enable the target product concentration to be maximum, converts the temperature control strategy into an open command for a temperature control valve, transmits the open command to the digital to analog converter at the end of the intermittent reactor through the site bus network, and enables the temperature control valve to act according to received control commands. The temperature sensor collects the temperature of the reactor in real-time and returns to the DCS to enable the engineer in the control chamber to master the production process timely. By the aid of the intermittent reactor control system, concentration of the target product can be maximized, and potential synergies are realized.

A perfusion circuit and a use thereof for delivering a substance to a subject's heart in situ during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery are provided. The perfusion circuit defines a path for re-circulating a solution containing a macromolecular complex through a coronary circulation circuit (50) through a subject's heart during a surgical procedure in which the substance is prevented from being delivered to the subject's other organs.

There is provided a device for hair care having a housing with at least one aperture, one or more ion generators for selectively generating concentrations of ions having different combinations of intensity and polarity, and one or more ion emitters for selectively emitting concentrations of ions having different combinations of intensity and polarity. The device can be any device or combination of such devices, suitable for use with hair and for to optimize the known beneficial effects of ionization to hair of the user.

A method for preparing solid materials is described. One aspect of the method includes the steps of providing a mixture comprising an organic material in a blend of a solvent and non-solvent for the organic material, distributing the mixture into either droplets or granules, and evaporating the solvent and non-solvent mixture to form particles having an average size of from about 0.5 μm to about 5000 μm.

The invention discloses an orthogonal collocation optimization based batch reactor control system. The orthogonal collocation optimization based batch reactor control system comprises a batch reactor body, a temperature sensor at the end of the batch reactor body, an analog to digital converter, field bus networks, a DCS (distributed control system), a main control room temperature and product concentration state displayer, an analog to digital converter at the end of a temperature control valve and the temperature control valve. After an engineer in a control room specifies duration of a production process, initial concentration states of materials in the batch reactor body and a target product needing concentration increasing, the DCS executes an internal orthogonal collocation optimization method to compute a temperature control strategy enabling the concentration of the target product to be maximum, the temperature control strategy is converted into an opening instruction of the temperature control valve, and the opening instruction is sent to the analog to digital converter at the end of the temperature control valve through the field bus networks so as to enable the temperature control valve to act correspondingly according to a received control instruction. By the system, the concentration of the target product can be maximized, and potential tapping and efficiency improvement are realized.

A method and apparatus are directed to providing a dopant profile adjustment solution in plasma doping systems for meeting both concentration and junction depth requirements. Bias ramping and bias ramp rate adjusting may be performed to achieve a desired dopant profile so that shallow and abrupt junctions in vertical and lateral directions are realized that are critical to device scaling in plasma doping systems.

The present invention relates to a method for the controlled availability formulation components, such as organic catalysts, into a wash solution. More particularly, the present invention relates to products and bleaching compositions containing such formulation components and laundry methods employing such formulation components.

A method to provide a dopant profile adjustment solution in plasma doping systems for meeting both concentration and junction depth requirements. Bias ramping and bias ramp rate adjusting may be performed to achieve a desired dopant profile so that surface peak dopant profiles and retrograde dopant profiles are realized. The method may include an amorphization step in one embodiment.

A stationary medium is employed both to separate chemicals from a sample solution and also to generate surface-enhanced Raman scattering, so that spectral analysis of the separated analyte chemical can be performed. Applied driving force causes the sample to flow into the stationary medium and to distribute therethrough, thereby causing rapid separation of the analyte chemical, and surface-enhanced Raman scattered radiation is quickly detected, at a plurality of locations along a flow path defined by the stationary medium, for ultimate analysis.

Ethanol and furfural challenged strains of E. coli FBR5 exhibiting higher ethanol yield, productivity, and tolerance to both ethanol and furfural than FBR5 and methods for producing same.

The present invention concerns a process for oxidizing cumene to cumene hydroperoxide using an oxygen containing gas, preferably air, which process comprises—conducting a cumene feed and an oxygen containing gas feed to at least the first oxidation reactor in a series of 3-8 reactors, thereby forming an oxidation mixture, and conducting the formed oxidation mixture from one reactor to the next, preferably after an oxidation reaction has taken place, wherein—the reactors comprise at least one lower pressure oxidizer (1) as the first reactor in the series and at least one higher pressure oxidizer (2) as the last reactor in the series; —any lower pressure oxidizer is operated at a pressure of at least atmospheric pressure and any higher pressure oxidizer is operated at a pressure of at least 0.5 bar higher than said at least one lower pressure oxidizer.

Valsartan compositions of enhanced bioavailability are described that contain valsartan with at least one solubility-enhancing polymer. Described methods to produce the bioenhanced products comprise solvent spray drying. One aspect of the method includes the steps of providing a mixture comprising valsartan, a solubility-enhancing polymer and a single solvent, a solvent blend or solvent/non-solvent blend removing and then evaporating the mixture to form amorphous valsartan.

The present invention relates to a method of preparing wet process phosphoric acid, which comprises: dividing raw materials which contain phosphate rock slurry and sulfuric acid into two parts, and then feeding these two parts into two reactors separately. In the first reactor, feeding 70–90 wt. % of the total amount of the slurry and sulfuric acid, in which the ratio of phosphate rock slurry to sulfuric acid to recycled phosphoric acid is set to be 1:0.6˜0.8:1.0˜2.5. 10˜30% of the reaction solution directly flows into conversion cell, participating in the conversion reaction of dihydrate gypsum. Thus resulted phosphoric acid concentration is 33˜39 wt. %. The recovery efficiency of P₂O₅ is 99% or more. When putting coke powders in the conversion solution as filter aid, the filtration efficiency can be improved by 10˜30%, and in so produced hemihydrate gypsum, P₂O₅ is 0.05˜0.2%, water of hydration is 4˜8%. The product can be used for producing sulfuric acid and cement without baking dry.

An adjustable weight golf putter is provided with a body portion of a material of low specific gravity, for example aluminum, and a weighted cap, receivable in a longitudinal recess opening at the back extremity of the body portion. The weighted cap is formed of a material of high specific gravity, for example a tungsten-copper alloy, and has a weight which is at least more than 20%, and preferably more than 30% of the weight of the lighter body portion, concentrating the weight of the putter head toward the back and locating its center of gravity more than half way toward the back of the putter head. The weighted cap is secured by a threaded shaft engageable in a recess extension in the body. Optional weighted discs, of a high specific gravity material and each of a different weight, are threadedly engageable with the shaft and are usable in various combinations for optimal weight adjustment. The optional weights are applied in tight engagement with the weighted cap, to maintain weight concentration at the back.

The invention relates to a method for mapping of a physico-chemical parameter such as pH value, temperature, PO2 or metabolite concentration, using a chemical exchange saturation transfer contrast agent in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. This method may be used with agents having only one exchangeable entity pool, e.g. proton pool, by applying two different RF frequencies for pre-saturation of the contrast agent.

The invention discloses an optimal control system for a piston flow tube reactor based on an adaptive optimization control node. The system is composed of a piston flow tube reactor body, a liquid flow meter and a temperature sensor at the piston flow tube reactor end, an analog-to-digital converter, a field bus network, a DCS, a main control chamber coolant flow rate and reactor temperature display, a digital-to-analog converter at the flow control valve end, and a flow control valve. After the duration of the production process and the coolant flow rate control requirement are specified, theDCS obtains a flow rate control strategy and converts the flow rate control strategy into an opening instruction of the flow control valve, the opening instruction is sent through the field bus network to the digital-to-analog converter at the flow control valve end, the flow control valve correspondingly acts according to the received control instruction, the liquid flow meter and the temperature sensor collect the coolant flow rate and temperature of the piston flow tube reactor in real time and send the coolant flow rate and temperature back to the DCS. The concentration of a target product in a piston flow tube reactor can be maximized, and potential tapping and efficiency increasing can be achieved.