The invention discloses a modularized dehydration method for polluted bottom mud of rivers, lakes, reservoirs and ponds. The method comprises the steps: sequentially carrying out pretreatment on the polluted bottom mud, carrying out primary slurry concentration, carrying out secondary slurry treatment, carrying out slurry dehydration treatment, buffering and collecting residual water, carrying out physical and chemical treatment on the residual water and carrying out deep treatment on the residual water. The dredged mud is primarily concentrated after being subjected to impurity removal and screening, the solid content of the mud is increased to 15-20% from 1%-5% of that of pretreatment; compared with a traditional sedimentation tank concentration process, the method has the advantages that the mud concentration can be remarkably increased, then secondary dosing treatment is carried out, along with the increase of the mud concentration after primary concentration, and the dosage in the link is reduced by about 20%; ad finally, dehydrating is carrying out to produce solidified soil and residual water, the collected soil is recycled, the residual water is purified by matching with recycling modes such as a baking-free brick process, a greening soil process and the like, and the residual water is discharged to a receiving water body after the residual water meets the discharge requirement. Through multistage treatment in the dehydration method, the dehydration speed of the polluted bottom mud can be integrally accelerated, and the treatment efficiency of the polluted bottom mud is improved.