The invention discloses a high-strength flame-retardant thermal insulation composite building material and a preparation method thereof. The high-strength flame-retardant thermal insulation compositebuilding material is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 20 to 25 parts of polyethylene resin, 15 to 25 parts of perlite, 10 to 15 parts of light calcium carbonate, 15 to 25parts of aluminate refractory cement, 6 to 10 parts of carbon fibers, 10 to18 parts of methyl methacrylate, 1 to 5 parts of titanium dioxide, 10 to 20 parts of glass fiber powder and 5 to 10 parts ofnanosilicon. Since the invention adopts the raw materials to be combined according to the scientific proportion, the prepared composite material has a good environment-friendly effect, and moreover, since the polyethylene resin, the aluminate refractory cement, the perlite and the light calcium carbonate are adopted, the composite building material does not have harm to the environment, and cannotrelease poisonous substances; in addition, since the flame-retardant thermal insulation composite building material provided by the invention is prepared by the specific component proportion and thespecific method, the flame-retardant property reaches level A, the heat conductivity coefficient reaches 0.026W/m-K or less, and furthermore, the compressive strength reaches 10MPa or above; and the product disclosed by the invention has the characteristics of light volume weight, low heat conductivity coefficient, low density and high strength.