232results about How to "Reduce cooling requirements" patented technology

The invention discloses an energy-saving purification device based on internal circulation, an air conditioning system and a control method of the air conditioning system. The energy-saving purification device comprises a filtering and adsorbing unit which is used for adsorbing CO2; an air heating unit which is used for heating air entering the filtering and adsorbing unit so as to release CO2 inthe filtering and adsorbing unit; an air pressurizing unit which is communicated to the filtering and adsorbing unit and is used for increasing the static pressure of the air entering the filtering and adsorbing unit; and a switching unit, wherein the rear end of the air outlet end of the filtering and adsorbing unit is connected to the switching unit, and the switching unit is connected to a purification air outlet pipe and an exhaust pipe. According to the energy-saving purification device, the CO2 concentration of indoor air can be effectively reduced, the fresh air volume can be reduced, and the energy consumption of an air conditioning system can be reduced, so that the designed cold / heat load of the air conditioning system can be reduced, and as the fresh air volume required by a building is reduced, the cold demand of the air conditioning system can be reduced, and the manufacturing cost of the whole air conditioner is reduced.

The invention provides a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle heat management system. Relative independent systems in a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle such as an engine cooling system, a motor cooling system, a battery cooling system, a battery controller cooling system are integrated into an overall heat management system by an integrated heat exchanger. The integrated heat exchanger serves as a coreheat exchange structure, heat exchange of engine oil, engine cooling liquid, a battery cooling system, a battery controller cooling system and a motor cooling system is implemented by the aid of multiple cooling cycle paths, and optimal operating temperatures of systems are achieved. According to the system, waste heat generated by running of an engine, discharging of a battery and heat dissipation of the motor is sufficiently utilized, energy of the systems in a whole vehicle is reasonably cycled and utilized, so that energy is saved, and the efficiency of the whole vehicle heat management system is improved.

The invention relates to a starting method for a current transformer, and is applied to the current transformer of which a main circuit is formed by sequentially connecting a direct current (DC) / DC conversion circuit and a DC / alternating current (AC) conversion circuit. A DC bus capacitor is arranged between the output end of the DC / DC conversion circuit and the input end of the DC / AC conversion circuit. The method comprises the following steps of: connecting an AC power grid with the DC end of the main circuit by a current limiting resistor, charging the DC bus capacitor by utilizing the AC power grid, regulating the main circuit to make the amplitude and phase of the output voltage of the main circuit are the same as those of the voltage of the AC power grid to meet grid connection requirements, and connecting the AC end of the main circuit to the AC power grid. By the starting method for the current transformer, not only relatively lower starting current is ensured to make radiation designing easier to realize, but also synchronous grid connection is realized to make grid connection impact current relatively lower; and the method is particularly applied to the starting of a DC double-channel or multi-channel current transformer.

The invention relates to the field of heat dissipation, in particular to a soaking plate and a manufacturing and application method thereof. Heat generated by a heat source can be transferred to an external environment through a radiator more quickly to lower the working temperature of the heat source, so that the heat source can be operated more safely, efficiently, stably and enduringly, in particular for a graphics card with high heating quantity and a chip of a calculation accelerating card. The soaking plate enhances the efficiency of a liquid sucking core, can suck more working mediums, enables the working mediums to flow back smoothly, and meanwhile, improves the overall structural intensity of the liquid sucking core and the socking plate to prevent deformation of the soaking plate; the soaking plate greatly improves the heat dissipating performance through more condensers extending from the side surface, and is provided with a sealing piece mounting structure at the bottom for matching with a sealing piece to use; and as the heat can be transferred from the heat source to the radiator through liquid-state metal, when the use efficiency of the radiator is improved, the harm caused by leakage of the liquid-state metal is prevented, and the protecting effect on the heat source and the radiator is achieved.

The invention discloses a compensation control circuit of a direct current motor, comprising a speed-measuring circuit, a speed instruction conditioning circuit, a speed instruction control circuit and a driving buffering brake circuit. The speed-measuring circuit acquires signals U1 and U2 of voltage to ground of two ends of the direct current motor, and generates a speed-measuring signal Uv. The speed instruction conditioning circuit rectifies the voltage of the speed instruction signal into unipolar level, outputs a control signal of positive and negative rotation of the motor and biased-amplifying the rectified speed instruction signal into a speed instruction signal Vg conforming the range specification of the speed-measuring signal Uv. The speed instruction control circuit comprises an error amplifier and a proportional integral circuit; the error amplifier amplifies error comparison between the speed-measuring signal Uv and the speed instruction signal Vg, and generates a pulse signal for controlling a semiconductor switch device; and the proportional integral circuit controls the error amplifier. The semiconductor switch device of the driving buffering brake circuit is controlled by the pulse signal and is used for driving buffering brake direct current motor.

The invention relates to an auxiliary electrode structure for an organic light emitting diode (OLED) illuminating panel and provides an auxiliary electrode structure with low impedance, small current pressure reduction and high uniformity for an OLED illuminating panel, which belongs to the technical field of the manufacturing of illuminating panels. The auxiliary electrode structure for the OLED illuminating panel comprises an anode layer, a cathode layer, a luminous layer and an auxiliary electrode, wherein the anode layer is positioned on a lower part of the auxiliary electrode structure; the cathode layer is positioned on an upper part of the auxiliary electrode structure; the luminous layer and the auxiliary electrode are positioned between the anode layer and the cathode layer; the anode layer consists of transparent anodes; the cathode layer consists of metal cathodes; the auxiliary electrodes are communicated with one another and communicated with the transparent anodes; each auxiliary electrode passes through the luminous layer and extends into the cathode layer; and an insulating isolation post for isolating the auxiliary electrode from the metal cathode is arranged between the auxiliary electrode and the metal cathode.

The invention provides a low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation system for a diesel engine. In the system, exhaust gas is led out after a turbine unit and before post-treatment equipment, and is cooled through a cooler; the cooled exhaust gas is mixed with high-pressure fresh air flowing out after a gas compressor in a dedicated jet device; and mixed gas of the fresh air and the exhaust gas flows through an intercooler and enters a combustion chamber of an engine. Compared with the conventional high-pressure EGR ( Exhaust Gas Recirculation) system and low-pressure EGR system, the low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation system has the characteristics of more uniform EGR distribution, good transient (dynamic) character, reduced cooling requirement, damage prevention for the gas compressor, post-treatment burden reduction and service life prolonging of the post-treatment equipment.

The invention provides an image data processing method. The method comprises the following steps of: obtaining a video flow by a terminal through a monitor camera and extracting a target image frame comprising a target object from the video flow by utilizing a marginalized calculation manner; and obtaining attribute information of the target object by a cloud and determining text description information of the target image frame according to the obtained attribute information. By adoption of the marginalized calculation and cloud calculation combined image data processing method, the problem that video images are inconveniently to retrieve is optimized through extracting text description information of video images; and meanwhile, the requirement for network bandwidth is reduced via structured data transmission, so that the calculation and analysis abilities of systems are enhanced.

The invention discloses a grinding wheel numerically-controlled finishing control device and a control method special for face gear grinding. The device comprises a grinding wheel main shaft unit (1), a grinding wheel finishing device (2), a control device (3) and a transmission mechanism (4), wherein the control device comprises an IPC (Industrial Personal Computer), an SERCOS card, a control panel, an SERCOS optical fiber, a KE rectification power supply module, a KW main shaft control module, a KW feed control module and a PLC-IO module; the SERCOS card is mounted on the IPC through an ISA socket; the control panel is connected with the SERCOS card through a control line for sending out a control command; the SERCOS card is connected with the KE rectification power supply module, the KW main shaft control module and the KW feed control module through the SERCOS optical fiber; the KW main shaft control module is connected with a finisher main shaft motor and a grinding wheel main shaft motor; the KW feed control module is connected with each feed motor through a control line. According to the device and the method provided by the invention, the control of the numerically-controlled rectification process of the grinding wheel special for the face gear grinding is realized.

The invention discloses a refrigerator and a speed control system and method of a condenser fan of the refrigerator. The speed control system of the condenser fan comprises a controller, a compressor rotational speed detection circuit, temperature sensors inside and outside the refrigerator and a condenser fan rotational speed control circuit, wherein the rotational speed of a compressor is detected by the controller through the compressor rotational speed detection circuit, and the temperature inside the refrigerator and the ambient temperature are acquired by the temperature sensors; and the rotational speed of a condenser fan is controlled by the condenser fan rotational speed control circuit. The controller provided by the invention can control the rotational speed of the condenser fan according to the ambient temperature, the temperature inside the refrigerator and the rotational speed of the compressor, accordingly, when more heat is dissipated in a condenser, the rotational speed of the condenser fan is improved to meet the heat dissipation need; and when less heat is dissipated in the condenser, the rotational speed of the condenser fan is reduced to meet the heat dissipation need, and reduce energy consumption and noise.

The invention discloses a fuel cell tramcar heat comprehensive utilization method and a fuel cell tramcar heat comprehensive utilization device, belongs to the technical field of fuel cell application, and solves the problem of fuel cell tramcar heat comprehensive utilization. A cooling fluid outlet pipeline of a fuel cell is connected with a cooling circulating pump; a cooling circulating pump outlet pipeline is connected with a cooling fluid inlet of a radiator group; the cooling fluid outlet of the radiator group is connected with a cooling fluid inlet of the fuel cell; a fresh air preheater is arranged between a fresh air filter and an air return duct; a heating radiator is arranged in a carriage; a main radiator is arranged on the roof of a tramcar; the heating radiator and the fresh air preheater supply heat for the carriage in winter, and the remaining waste heat of the fuel cell is born by the main radiator; an exhaust duct radiator is arranged in the carriage, waste exhaust is taken as a cold source in summer, and the remaining waste heat of the fuel cell is born by the main radiator; under the working conditions in spring and autumn transition seasons, the main radiator bears all remaining waste heat release of the fuel cell. The fuel cell tramcar heat comprehensive utilization method and the fuel cell tramcar heat comprehensive utilization device are mainly used for the fuel cell tramcar heat comprehensive utilization.

Natural gas (NG) fueled auxiliary power source, combined with a high-pressure hydraulic pump supplying hydraulic fluid to a secondary hydraulic propulsion unit mounted (hung) on the rear (aft) of the wind generator main shaft provides axial force (torque) to the mainshaft via a ring and pinion set and planetary gearbox, or scaled turbine propulsion unit equipped with shaft speed sensors that have been calibrated to minimum / maximum desired main shaft (electrical generator) speed and that can engage and spin the main shaft attached to the electrical power generator on demand when there is insufficient wind to do so.

The invention discloses an MOCVD (metal organic chemical vapor deposition) reactor and a support shaft for the MOCVD reactor. The problems that an inner ring heater is low in power utilization ratio, a load of the surface of the inner ring heater is high, and a cooling requirement below the support shaft is high due to the fact that the available support shaft is large in heat conductivity coefficient, and the heat transmission capacity of a slide glass disk to the support shaft is great are solved. The support shaft for the MOCVD reactor comprises a support shaft bottom, a support shaft middle and a support shaft top, wherein the support shaft top, the support shaft middle and the support shaft bottom are fixedly connected; gas channels are communicated among the support shaft bottom, the support shaft middle and the support shaft top; the support shaft top is frustum-shaped, and is provided with a connecting ring; a fixed cover plate is mounted at the top of the connecting ring; and a heat insulation cover plate is mounted at the top of the fixed cover plate. According to the MOCVD reactor and the support shaft, the service life of the inner ring heater is prolonged; the normal working time of equipment is prolonged; the complete power is reduced; and an energy-saving effect is improved.

The invention discloses a double-region device for efficiently recovering yellow phosphorus combustion heat. The device comprises a support, a sufficient combustion region component, a convective heat transfer region component and a steam drum sequentially from bottom to top. One end of a sufficient combustion region down pipe is communicated with the steam drum while the other end of the sufficient combustion region down pipe is communicated with a lower header of the sufficient combustion region component. One end of a sufficient combustion region sufficient combustion region steam guide pipe is communicated with the steam drum while the other end of the sufficient combustion region steam guide pipe is communicated with an upper header of the sufficient combustion region component. One end of a convective heat transfer region down pipe is communicated with the steam drum while the other end of the convective heat transfer region down pipe is communicated with a cooling water inlet pipe of the convective heat transfer region component, one end of a convective heat transfer region steam guide pipe is communicated with the steam drum while the other end of the onvective heat transfer region steam guide pipe is communicated with a steam outlet pipe in the convective heat transfer region component, and a lower head of the sufficient combustion region component is connected with the support. The device is capable of achieving efficient recovery of the yellow phosphorus combustion heat, the theoretical recovery rate can reach more than 75%, energy saving and emission reduction of phosphoric-acid production by a hot method are promoted, and the device has wide application prospect in phosphoric-acid production by a hot method.

The invention provides a thread-coil type longitudinal magnetic field electrode vacuum switching tube which relates to the technical field of vacuum switches. The invention aims at providing a vacuum switching tube which has the arrangement disposal of the thread-coil type longitudinal magnetic field electrode so that the contradiction between the current conduction capacity and the short circuit current on-off capacity can be solved better. The vacuum switching tube comprises a moving conducting rod, a fixed conducting rod, a spiral coil, a spiral groove, a moving contact and a fixed contact which form a conducting loop. A coil of the vacuum switching tube takes the shape of a spiral body, and the turning direction of two thread coils arranged on a moving conductor and a fixed conductor is the same, and the moving contact and the fixed contact connected with the two thread coils are oppositely and longitudinally arranged. In the invention, the produced longitudinal magnetic field causes the vacuum arc produced between the contacts to keep in a non-aggregated state during the live cut-off; and the vacuum arc is extinguished when the current of an external circuit exceeds zero point, thereby the on-off of the circuit is finished.

The invention discloses a turbocharging system for an internal combustion engine, comprising the internal combustion engine which is provided with an evaporator capable of generating high-temperature and high-pressure water vapor on an exhaust pipe. The water vapor is guided into the turbine end of a supercharger by a pipeline to drive impellers of the turbo machine to rotate at a high speed and drive a coaxial air compressor to compress the air from an air filter, and the supercharged air is passed through an intake manifold of the internal combustion engine to enter the internal combustion engine. The water vapor discharged by the turbo machine is guided into a condenser that can condense the high-temperature and high-pressure water vapor into the water closed to the boiling point, and then is flowed back to the evaporator to circulate continuously. Because the water vapor is generated to drive the turbo machine and drive the coaxial air compressor to compress the air from the air filter, the exhaust back pressure can not be increased, and power of the internal combustion engine also can not be consumed. And an operating temperature is much lower, and a cooling requirement is lower, thereby compared with the exhaust turbocharging machine, the cost is reduced a lot; and the turbocharging system can be used together with the exhaust turbocharging machine.

The invention relates to a soft start circuit of a converter. The main circuit of the soft start circuit comprises a DC (direct current) / DC converting circuit, a DC / AC (alternating current) converting circuit and a paralleling switch, wherein the DC / DC converting circuit comprises one or more mutually independent DC channels, at least one DC channel is a chopper DC channel on which a DC chopper circuit is arranged; the input end of the DC channel is a load connecting end, the output end of the DC channel is provided with a DC bus capacitor for forming the output end voltage; one or more soft start branches provided with soft start switches are connected between the load connecting end and the power supply connecting end of the paralleling switch; at least one of the one or more soft start branches is provided with a soft start resister, and the at least one soft start branch provided with the soft start resister corresponds to the chopper DC channel. By using the soft start circuit of a converter, the soft start current is small, the thermal design is easier, the paralleling impact current is small, and the soft start circuit can be widely used in the charging process of a DC load.

The invention discloses an encapsulating structure and an encapsulating method of a combiner. The encapsulating method comprises the following steps of: 1, encapsulating a manufactured combiner product on a substrate and fixing optical fibers at the two ends of the substrate by using primary glue; 2, putting the substrate on which the combiner is arranged into a circular pipe and sealing the two ends of the circular pipe by using secondary glue; and 3, encapsulating the circular pipe into a metal box by using third glue, making an input optical fiber and an output optical fiber of the combiner extend out of the two ends of the metal box and putting gum caps into the two ends of the metal box so as to protect the optical fibers. The encapsulating method has a simple process. The encapsulated combiner has the characteristics of high long-term working stability, high radiating reliability and the like.

The invention provides a cooling and conveying device, and belongs to the technical field of conveying devices. The cooling and conveying device comprises a tank, a spindle, a driving mechanism, a feed inlet, a discharge outlet and a cooling mechanism. Advancing blades are intermittently arranged on the spindle and comprise cavity matrixes and spiral blades, the spiral blades are arranged on the cavity matrixes, the cooling mechanism comprises a water inlet pipe, communicating pipes and a water outlet pipe, the water inlet pipe, the communicating pipes and the water outlet pipe are arranged in the spindle, and the water inlet pipe, the cavity matrixes and the water outlet pipe are sequentially communicated with one another via the communicating pipes. The cooling and conveying device has the advantages that the cooling and conveying device is novel in structure and reasonable in design and can be applied to mixing, conveying and cooling expanded ammonium nitrate explosive, the expanded ammonium nitrate explosive can be sufficiently mixed, products are good in free-running property and stable in quality, and good cooling effects can be realized.

The invention relates to a step motor controlled driving circuit, which comprises an isolation circuit (2), a low-voltage control circuit (4), a high-voltage control circuit (3), a differentiating circuit (5), a high-voltage driving circuit (6) and a low-voltage driving and locking circuit (7). The step motor controlled driving circuit solves the technical problem of high power consumption of the existing step motor, and has the advantages of low controller software requirement, low power consumption, large driving torque, capacity of maintaining balanced torque, lower radiating requirement on a power supply and the driving circuit, and high reliability.

The invention discloses a unipolar combined rectifier type high-frequency isolating inverter and a control circuit thereof. The high-frequency isolating inverter comprises an input power supply, a phase-shifted control full bridge inverter circuit, a high-frequency isolating transformer, a first rectification circuit, a second rectification circuit and a second-order lowpass filtering circuit, and the control circuit comprises a voltage sensor, an output voltage ring, a current sensor, an inductive current ring and a driving signal logic circuit. The control circuit generates a driving signalso as to control the first rectification circuit and the second rectification circuit in the inverter to work alternately. The circuit structure which adopts two-stage conversion can overcome the defects such as large size, heavy weight and low efficiency of the traditional synchronization inverter and has the advantages of high efficiency, low heat productivity and low requirement on heat dissipation.

The invention discloses an output digital modulation circuit and control system of a rectifier type high-frequency chain grid-connected inverter. The circuit comprises an input voltage U[in], a sinusoidal modulation high-frequency chain inverter, a high-frequency isolation transformer, a synchronous rectifier, a power frequency inverter and an LCL filter. The control system comprises a voltage sensor, a current sensor and a DSP digital controller. The sinusoidal modulation high-frequency chain inverter is composed of four power MOSFETs. The primary side and auxiliary side of the high-frequency isolation transformer are respectively of a single-winding structure. The synchronous rectifier is composed of four IGBTs and an anti-parallel diode. The power frequency inverter is also composed of four IGBTs and an anti-parallel diode. The LCL filter is composed of an inductor L1, an inductor L2 and a capacitor C. The output digital modulation circuit and control system of the rectifier type high-frequency chain grid-connected inverter achieve high-frequency electrical isolation of input and output, have the advantages of being small in size and light in weight and are very suitable for photovoltaic grid-connected generation systems.

The invention discloses a control method of a DC-DC bidirectional converter. The method is applied to the DC-DC bi-directional converter. According to the charging and discharging requirements of a first power supply and the relation between the voltage of the first power supply and the voltage of a second power supply, the DC-DC converter is controlled in different time sequences. Therefore, thebidirectional conversion is realized. Meanwhile, the current of a whole-process inductor is continuous. As a result, the bidirectional dual-conversion of a high voltage capable of falling as well as rising can be realized.

According to one embodiment, a method for improving heat transfer between a cold finger of a cryogenic cooler and a Dewar includes forming an annulus between the cold finger of the cryogenic cooler and the Dewar by inserting the cold finger into the Dewar. The cold finger has a first end and a second end. The method also includes inhibiting the formation of convective currents within the annulus in a direction between the first end and the second end. According to another embodiment of the invention, the cooling system includes a cryogenic cooler that includes a cooling section operable to generate cooling fluid and a cold finger operable to receive the cooling fluid. The cooling system also includes a Dewar formed with a void region coupled to an infrared detector. The cold finger is positioned within the void region of the Dewar creating an annulus. The cooling system also includes at least one obstruction disposed within the annulus and operable to inhibit the formation of convective currents in a direction along a length of the cold finger.

The invention provides a recovery method of associated gas of an oilfield. A gas phase of a raw material subjected to primary gas-liquid separation is subjected to secondary gas-liquid separation anddewatering after being compressed and cooled, a liquid phase subjected to primary gas-liquid separation is subjected to flash evaporation, dewatering and steam stripping, and a gas phase obtained through steam stripping and a gas phase obtained after flash evaporation enter a dewatering link after two times of compression cooling; the gas phase subjected to dewatering drying is cooled and then subjected to low-temperature gas-liquid separation, a liquid phase subjected to low-temperature separation is heated and then subjected to ethane removal, the liquid phase with ethane removed is heated for butane removal, a liquid-phase LPG product is obtained, part of liquid-phase condensate oil with butane removed is cooled to serve as an absorbent and then subjected to multi-stage mass transfer and heat transfer with a gas phase subjected to low-temperature separation in the liquefaction step, the gas phase obtained after mass transfer and heat transfer serves as lean gas to be recovered afterbeing subjected to cooling, low-temperature separation, pressure reduction and cold recovery. High-value LPG products in the associated gas of the oilfield can be recovered, and the production cost is greatly reduced with an efficient and economical technique.

The invention discloses a tunable titanium jewelry laser of a 588nm yellow light pump. The laser is characterized in that a pump light is emitted by a 808nm or 880nm laser diode pump source; the pump light are focused at the interior of an Nd:YVO4 crystal through a transmitting energy fiber and a coupling lens, population inversion is carried out, and a laser with the wavelength of 1064nm is generated under the effect of a resonant cavity composed of a resonant cavity reflector and a yellow light output lens; one-order strokes with the wavelength of 1176nm are generated when the intensity exceeds the Roman threshold value; a 588nm yellow light is generated under the effect of a yellow light frequency doubling crystal, the yellow light is focused in a titanium jewelry crystal through a coupling focus lens, pumping is carried out on the titanium jewelry crystal, and population inversion is carried out, thus generating a spontaneous radiation photon; and titanium jewelry laser oscillation is formed under the effect of the titanium jewelry laser resonant cavity composed of a titanium jewelry laser full reflection lens and an output lens, and the tunable output of the wavelength is realized through regulating the horizontal direction angle of the titanium jewelry laser full reflection lens under the effect of a dispersion element.

The invention provides a zirconium-based amorphous alloy. The composition of the zirconium-based amorphous alloy is as shown in ZrCuAl<c>Ni<d>Ti<e>M<f>, wherein a, b, c, d, e and f are corresponding atomic percents of elements in the zirconium-based amorphous alloy, a is no less than 50 and no more than 55, b is no less than 15 and no more than 30, c is no less than 15 and no more than 24, d is no less than 0.1 and no more than 9, e is no less than 0.1 and no more than 5, f is no less than 0.1 and no more than 5, a+b+c+d+e+f is no more than 100, and M is one or more selected from a group consisting of Sc, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu. The invention also provides a method for preparing the zirconium-based amorphous alloy.

A method of edge welding a plurality of workpieces particularly useful for minimizing edge deformation and reducing the electrode size, flange size, welding force and current load necessary to produce a given weld, including the steps of forming at least one distending projection along the edge of a first workpiece, securing the projection against a second workpiece and applying a force and current load to the projection so as to fuse a portion of the projection, and a system for performing the method, including a dedicated projection forming fixture, a resistance welding apparatus preferablyhaving specialized electrodes and a controller communicatively coupled to the fixture and apparatus.

The invention belongs to the technical field of optics, and particularly relates to a symmetrical structured LED light-total-reflection collimation system with theoretically lossless lighting effects. The collimation system includes an LED light source module, improved ellipsoid reflectors, improved first parabolic reflectors and improved second parabolic reflectors. A light source is arranged at the first focal points of the ellipsoid reflectors, the improved first parabolic reflectors are located below the ellipsoid reflectors, and the focal points of the first parabolic reflectors coincide with the second focal points of the ellipsoid reflectors; the focal points of the improved second parabolic reflectors are located at the light source, and the whole system is of a left-right mirror symmetry structure; part of the light emitted from the light source forms collimated light through the ellipsoid reflectors and the first parabolic reflectors, and the other part of the light forms collimated light through the second parabolic reflectors. Only the reflectors are used in the whole system, the dispersion of multispectral hybrid light is avoided, and effective light energy is high in utilization rate.

An x-ray generating device includes a field emission cathode formed at least partially from a nanostructure (1110) containing material having an emitted electron current density of at least 4 A / cm2. High energy conversion efficiency and compact design (1100) are achieved due to easy focusing of cold cathode emitted electron between the cathode (1110) and the gate or anode (1130) and focusing the electron beams at different anode materials (1130), pulsed x-ray radiation with varying energy can be generated from a single device.