The invention relates to an efficient thermal desorption treatment system and method for restoring mercury contamination. The efficient thermal desorption treatment system comprises a pelletizing pretreatment unit, a feeding unit, a thermal desorption unit, a dust collecting unit, a cooling condensing unit, an exhaust gas washing unit, a gas-liquid separation unit, a water treatment unit, an exhaust gas absorption treatment and emission unit and a cooling discharging unit, wherein the pelletizing pretreatment unit is connected with the feeding unit, the feeding unit, the cooling discharging unit and the dust collecting unit are all connected with the thermal desorption unit, the dust collecting unit is separately connected with the cooling condensing unit and the pelletizing pretreatment unit, the cooling condensing unit is connected with the exhaust gas washing unit, the exhaust gas washing unit is connected with the gas-liquid separation unit, the gas-liquid separation unit is connected with the exhaust gas absorption treatment and emission unit, the cooling condensing unit, the exhaust gas washing unit and the gas-liquid separation unit are separately connected with the water treatment unit, and at the same time, the water treatment unit is connected with the cooling discharging unit. The efficient thermal desorption treatment system has the characteristics of high thermal efficiency, high contaminant removing rate, low exhaust gas dust content and low energy consumption.