The invention relates to an asphalt mixture extraction instrument and an asphalt content measurement method. The asphalt mixture extraction instrument comprises a solvent box, a condensation box and a centrifugal extractor, wherein the centrifugal extractor comprises a control box, a conical screening base, a centrifugal cylinder, a spraying cover, a sleeve screen and an extraction filter cylinder. The asphalt mixture extraction instrument further comprises a draining support used for enabling the sleeve screen to be obliquely arranged right above the conical screening base, the draining support and the centrifugal cylinder are oppositely arranged on the two sides of the conical screening base, the draining support comprises a supporting column, a supporting plate and a fixing hook, the supporting column is arranged on the top of the control box, the supporting plate is hinged to the top of the supporting column and used for supporting the side wall of the sleeve screen, the side, which is close to the sleeve screen, of the supporting plate is matched with the outer side of the sleeve screen in radian, and the fixing hook is arranged on the side, which is close to the sleeve screen, of the bottom of the supporting plate and used for placing the sleeve screen. After the sample solution is extracted by the asphalt mixture extraction instrument, the sleeve screen is obliquely arranged right above the conical screening base through the draining support, and the residual mixed solution at the bottom of the sleeve screen is drained, so that the asphalt content measurement precision is improved.