The invention discloses a method for cucumber planting by straw biological fermentation and belongs to the technical field of cucumber planting. The method for cucumber planting by straw biological fermentation comprises the steps of seed selection, seedling culturing, field selection, soil preparation, preparation before planting, planting, film covering and managing and harvesting after planting. The method is characterized in that the preparation before planting comprises the following steps that ditching is carried out at a position of a planting row; then straw which is subjected to fermentation treatment is arranged in a ditch in a paving mode, and evening and solid paving is carried out; beneficial microorganism flora is evenly dispersed on the straw, then vaccines are dispersed on the straw, a shovel is used for clapping and vibrating for one time, soil which is pulled out is arranged on the straw in a backfilling mode, watering is carried out, the straw is drenched, after 2-3 days, leveling and ridging are carried out, and the soil layer thickness on the straw is kept being 15 cm; and finally vent holes are punched in a soil layer. According to the method, a reasonable and effective path is provided for straw processing, the chemical fertilizer applying quantity can be reduced, planting cost is lowered, and the quality and the yield of cucumbers are improved.