The present invention relates to a novel serine derivative compound having improved blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and a use of same, and more specifically, to a novel serine derivative compound having further improved BBB permeability compared to L-serine, and a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound as an effective compound for preventing or treating / alleviating central nervous system diseases, such as cognitive disorders, intellectual disabilities, microcephaly, epilepsy, neurodevelopmental disorders, dementia, autism spectrum disorders, Down syndrome, Rett syndrome, fragile X syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A compound of chemical formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof asan effective component for the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention for preventing or treating central nervous system diseases exhibits significantly improved BBB permeability comparedto L-serine, and activates the propagation of neurons, and through the neuroprotective effect that inhibits oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial membrane potential disruption and / or endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptotic neuronal cell death, exhibits desirable effects in the prevention, treatment, and alleviation of central nervous system diseases, such as cognitive disorders, intellectual disabilities, microcephaly, epilepsy, neurodevelopmental disorders, dementia, autism spectrum disorders, Down syndrome, Rett syndrome, fragile X syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease,Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Thus, the compound is an extremely useful invention in the drug industry, food industry, and livestock industry.