61results about "Carbamic acid" patented technology

The present invention provides methods for producing bis(fluorosulfonyl) compounds of the formula:

F—S(O)₂—Z—S(O)₂—F  I

by contacting a nonfluorohalide compound of the formula:

X—S(O)₂—Z—S(O)₂—X

with bismuth trifluoride under conditions sufficient to produce the bis(fluorosulfonyl) compound of Formula I, where Z and X are those defined herein.

In a method for functionalizing a carbon nanotube surface, the nanotube surface is exposed to at least one vapor including at least one functionalization species that non-covalently bonds to the nanotube surface, providing chemically functional groups at the nanotube surface, producing a functionalized nanotube surface. A functionalized nanotube surface can be exposed to at least one vapor stabilization species that reacts with the functionalization layer to form a stabilization layer that stabilizes the functionalization layer against desorption from the nanotube surface while providing chemically functional groups at the nanotube surface, producing a stabilized nanotube surface. The stabilized nanotube surface can be exposed to at least one material layer precursor species that deposits a material layer on the stabilized nanotube surface.

Systems and methods for producing urea are provided. A method for producing urea can include exchanging heat from a syngas comprising hydrogen and carbon dioxide to a urea solution comprising urea and ammonium carbamate. The heat transferred can be sufficient to decompose at least a portion of the ammonium carbamate. In one or more embodiments, the syngas can be reacted with liquid ammonia to provide a carbon dioxide lean syngas and an ammonium carbamate solution. The ammonium carbamate solution can be heated to a temperature of about 180° C. or more. At least a portion of the ammonium carbamate in the heated ammonium carbamate solution can be dehydrated to provide the urea solution.

The present invention is a process for the conversion of aluminum oxide hydroxide (AlOOH) to aluminum oxide. About 30 to 70 wt-% of AlOOH, about 30 to 70 wt-% ammonium hydrogencarbonate NH₄HCO₃ and 0 to 20 wt-% water are combined to produce a mixture. This mixture is then cured at a temperature from about 30° to about 90° C. to convert at least 5% of the AlOOH to a ammonium hydroxycarbonate (dawsonite-type) intermediate and then the dawsonite-type intermediate is decomposed at a temperature from about 130° to 320° C. to produce aluminum oxide. The aluminum oxide can be further calcined at 500° to 800° C. to produce a gamma-theta phase alumina.

The methods are utilized to recover ammonium from waste water using CO₂ acidified absorption water. The process is particularly suited for utilization of cellular matter and a CO₂ rich tail gas from a syngas fermentation process and derives significant benefit from the recovery of ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium carbonate. Ammonia and ammonium are recovered from the treatment of the syngas as an ammonium rich solution, at least a portion of which is recycled to the fermentation zone to aid in the production of liquid products. A carbon dioxide rich gas produced by fermentation is used to capture the ammonia and ammonium, forming the ammonium rich solution.

Catalysts are provided which can catalyze both the oxygen reduction during the discharge of a secondary air battery and the oxygen production in the recharging of the battery and which are stable at a high potential in the recharging. The invention has been accomplished based on the finding that a catalyst including an oxycarbonitride of a specific transition metal selected from, for example, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium and tantalum can catalyze both the oxygen reduction during the discharge of a secondary air battery and the oxygen production in the recharging of the battery and is also stable at a high potential in the recharging.

The present invention provides a nitrogen-containing carbon material characterized in that it satisfies a specific relational expression between the number ratio of nitrogen atoms to carbon atoms and the number ratio of hydrogen atoms to carbon atoms and has peaks in specific regions in the X-ray diffraction and in the laser Raman spectrum. The nitrogen-containing carbon material of the present invention can be produced by carbonizing azulmic acid in an inert gas atmosphere, and it is useful as an electrode material or the like because it has a high nitrogen content and a low hydrogen content.

The invention has an object of providing catalysts that are not corroded in acidic electrolytes or at high potential, have excellent durability and show high oxygen reducing ability. An aspect of the invention is directed to a process wherein metal carbonitride mixture particles or metal oxycarbonitride mixture particles are produced from an organometallic compound of a Group IV or V transition metal, a metal salt of a Group IV or V transition metal, or a mixture of these compounds using laser light as a light source.

Catalysts of the invention are not corroded in acidic electrolytes or at high potential and have excellent durability and high oxygen reducing ability. A catalyst includes a metal oxycarbonitride containing niobium and at least one metal M selected from the group consisting of tin, indium, platinum, tantalum, zirconium, copper, iron, tungsten, chromium, molybdenum, hafnium, titanium, vanadium, cobalt, manganese, cerium, mercury, plutonium, gold, silver, iridium, palladium, yttrium, ruthenium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium and nickel.

Provided is a process for producing a fuel cell electrode catalyst with high catalytic activity that is alternative to a noble metal catalyst, through a heat treatment at a relatively low temperature. A process for producing a fuel cell electrode catalyst includes a step (I) of obtaining a catalyst precursor, including a step (Ia) of mixing at least a metal compound (1), a nitrogen-containing organic compound (2), and a fluorine-containing compound (3), and a step (II) of heat-treating the catalyst precursor at a temperature of 500 to 1300° C. to obtain an electrode catalyst, a portion or the entirety of the metal compound (1) being a compound containing an atom of a metal element M1 selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, titanium, niobium and zirconium, and at least one of the compounds (1), (2) and (3) containing an oxygen atom.

An apparatus for treating highly corrosive agents comprises a tube bundle (14) heat exchanger (10), structured to carry out a heat exchange between two fluids one of which is highly corrosive and flowing inside of said tube bundle (14).

A process for producing an oxygen reducing catalyst including a step of heat-treating, in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, a catalyst precursor including a compound (i) supplying a carbon element and a nitrogen element by heating in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, and a compound (ii) containing at least one element of iron and cobalt. Also disclosed is an oxygen reducing catalyst, a fuel cell catalyst layer including the oxygen reducing catalyst, an electrode including the fuel cell catalyst layer, a membrane-electrode assembly including the electrode and a fuel cell including the membrane-electrode assembly.

Catalysts of the invention are not corroded in acidic electrolytes or at high potential and have excellent durability and high oxygen reducing ability. The catalysts include a niobium oxycarbonitride represented by a compositional formula NbC_xN_yO_z (wherein x, y and z represent a ratio of the numbers of the atoms, 0.05≦x<0.7, 0.01≦y<0.7, 0.4≦z<2.5, 1.0<x+y+z<2.56, and 4.0≦4x+3y+2z).

A method for producing a fuel cell catalyst containing a metal oxycarbonitride, the method including: a step of producing a metal oxycarbonitride by heating a metal carbonitride in an inert gas containing oxygen gas; and a step of bringing the metal oxycarbonitride into contact with an acidic solution.

A process for urea production from ammonia and carbon dioxide, made to react at a predetermined high pressure in an appropriate synthesis reactor (112), from the reaction between NH₃ and CO₂ being obtained a reaction mixture comprising urea, ammonium carbamate and free ammonia in aqueous solution, from which a recovery of ammonium carbamate and ammonia is carried out with their subsequent recycle to the synthesis reactor (112), said recovery from the reaction mixture taking place through operative steps of decomposition of the ammonium carbamate into NH₃ and CO₂ and of their stripping and a subsequent operative step of their recondensation into ammonium carbamate that is recycled to the synthesis reactor, the said reaction mixture obtained from the reaction between ammonia and carbon dioxide being pumped to the operative steps of decomposition and stripping.

The invention provides a method for separating dimethyl ether and recovering ammonia in a co-production process for dimethyl carbonate and dimethyl ether via a urea alcoholysis method. The method comprises the following steps of: adding methanol and urea in a reaction device, carrying out a reaction on methanol and urea to generate methyl carbamate and a by-product of ammonia, further carrying out a reaction on the generated methyl carbamate and methanol to generate dimethyl carbonate and the by-product of ammonia, and decomposing a part of dimethyl carbonate to generate dimethyl ether; separating out a material containing dimethyl ether and ammonia, and a material containing dimethyl carbonate from the output material of a reaction device; and separating out dimethyl ether from the material containing dimethyl ether and ammonia, converting ammonia to an ammonium carbamate solid, liquid ammonia or ammonia water, and recovering.

A method for producing chlorosulfonyl isocyanate by reaction of sulfur trioxide with cyanogen chloride, wherein chlorosulfonyl isocyanate or a solution including chlorosulfonyl isocyanate is used as a reaction solvent, sulfur trioxide and cyanogen chloride which are respectively diluted with the chlorosulfonyl isocyanate or the solution including chlorosulfonyl isocyanate are added at the same time to a reaction system in an almost equimolar amount under reflux. By the production method of present invention, chlorosulfonyl isocyanate can be produced from sulfur trioxide and cyanogen chloride in which the yield of the chlorosulfonyl isocyanate is high, the method has excellent operability, number of equipments is reduced, and time for controlling the temperature is saved.

The present invention relates to a continuous method and apparatus for functionalizing a carbon nanotube, and more specifically, to a continuous method and apparatus for functionalizing a carbon nanotube including preparing a functionalized product by functionalizing a carbon nanotube solution including nitro compound according to the following Chemical Formula 1 and carbon nanotube mixture including an oxidizer for forming nitric acid under subcritical water or supercritical water condition of 50 to 400 atm and a continuous method and apparatus for functionalizing a carbon nanotube under subcritical water or supercritical water condition using nitro compound without using strong acids or strong bases.

R—(NO_x)_y   [Chemical Formula 1]

wherein Chemical Formula 1, R is alkyl group of C1 to C7 or aryl group of C6 to C20 and x and y are integers of 1 to 3 independently.

A method for forming a solution of ammonium carbamate is provided herein. The method includes, but is not limited to, providing a reactor comprising a solution of ammonia. The method further includes, but is not limited to, feeding carbon dioxide through the solution of ammonia to form a mixture. The method further includes, but is not limited to, combining a solution of sodium hydroxide and the mixture to form the ammonium carbamate.