The invention discloses an ultrasonic-assisted microphone array speech enhancement device, and relates to voice signal treatment. The ultrasonic-assisted microphone array speech enhancement device comprises an equidistant linear array, a preamplification circuit, an analog-digital conversion circuit, two ultrasonic sensors, a transmitting circuit, a receiving circuit, a position computation module and a weighted stacking module, wherein, the equidistant linear array comprises five microphones; an output end of the linear array is sequentially connected with the preamplification circuit, the analog-digital conversion circuit, data cables and the weighted stacking module; the sensors are installed on extended lines at two ends of the linear array; the transmitting circuit and the receiving circuit utilize the sensors to transmit signals, and the received signals are processed through preamplification and analog-digital conversion and then are sent to the position computation module; in addition, the position computation module acquires return wave receiving signals of the sensors for matched filtering so as to acquire the ultrasonic transit time from a target to the sensors, acquires sound source position information that is input to the weighted stacking module, calculates time-delay compensation values of channels, performs time-delay compensation and stacking on each channel receiving signal of a microphone array so as to enhance voice signals in sound source directions.