The invention discloses a sleeve type photocatalysis air cleaning device based on dispersion optical fibers. The sleeve type photocatalysis air cleaning device comprises a filtering unit, an optical fiber unit and a catalyst unit, wherein the filtering unit is a cylinder-shaped filtering unit; the radial cross section of the filtering unit is annular, and upper and lower ends of the filtering unit are respectively connected with a top end cover and a bottom end cover; the catalyst unit is a cylinder-shaped catalyst unit, the radial cross section of the catalyst unit is annular, the height of the catalyst unit is the same as that of the filtering unit, the diameter of the catalyst unit is smaller than that of the filtering unit, and the catalyst unit and the filtering unit can form a concentric sleeve type structure; the center of the top end cover is provided with an air outlet, and the top end cover is provided with a top end installing hole; bottom installing holes are uniformly formed in the bottom end cover, the optical fiber unit selects the fibrous optical fibers, one end of the optical fiber unit is connected with the top end installing hole, and the other end of the optical fiber unit is connected with the bottom installing holes. The sleeve type photocatalysis air cleaning device provided by the invention has the advantages that 360-degree lateral air incoming is adopted, secondary pollution caused by a by-product of a light-catalyzed reaction is effectively reduced, the ultraviolet light use ratio is improved, meanwhile, the air purification efficiency is improved, and the sleeve type photocatalysis air cleaning device is suitable for sealing, flammable and combustible environment such as airplanes, subways and factories.