89results about How to "Prevent exceeding" patented technology

The invention provides a method, a system and a device for flux control and the steps as follows are carried out in connection with the periodicity of the outgoing cards: in the current period, the token number corresponding to the flux of the output data frame of an output queue (OQ) arranged in light of the outgoing line cards is confirmed; the tokens are distributed to a virtual output queue (VOQ) by taking the outgoing cards as targeted line cards, so that the total number of the tokens distributed is less than or equal to the confirmed token number; the data frames are sent out according to the flux corresponding to the self-distributed token number by the virtual output queue (VOQ). That is to say, by distributing the tokens, the method, the system and the device distribute the bandwidth output by an exchange network to the outgoing card to the bandwidth input by an ingoing line card to the exchange network, thus preventing the bandwidth of the input exchange network from exceeding the bandwidth output by the exchange network, avoiding data loss phenomenon caused by the buffer overflow of the core exchange unit (FU) of the exchange network and ensuring the quality of service (QoS) of the data exchange business.

The invention provides a rapid evaluation method of the disturbing gravity along a flight trajectory for the first time. The rapid approximation method with ballistic missiles as research objects aims at solving the problem of rapid evaluation on the disturbing gravity in the missile flight process. The rapid evaluation method comprises generating a standard trajectory according to a launch task; generating a flight pipeline with the standard trajectory as a benchmark and performing airspace subdivision; performing evaluation on the node disturbing gravity by a point quality method or a high-order spherical harmonic function method; calculating a disturbing gravity value of any point on an actual trajectory based on a network function approximation theory inside a calculation unit and achieving the whole rapid evaluation calculation on the disturbing gravity along the flight trajectory. Compared with the existing method, the rapid evaluation on the disturbing gravity along any flight trajectory can be implemented, the trajectory calculation requirements for the evaluation precision of the rapid evaluation method are met, the evaluation speed, the data storage and other indexes are excellent, and the real-time evaluation on the disturbing gravity missiles is implemented.

The invention aims to provide an omni-directional intelligent furniture paint spraying robot. The omni-directional intelligent furniture paint spraying robot comprises an XYZ three-axis translational motion mechanism, a Y-axis rotating mechanism, a spraying gun, a supporting framework mechanism and the like; a Z-axis moving mechanism is mounted in a sliding way of a vehicle body through a sliding block on a Z-axis mounting plate, linear motion along a Z axis can be achieved through driving by screws and nuts, a Y-axis moving mechanism is mounted on the Z-axis mounting plate through a Y-axis mounting plate, linear motion along a Y axis can be achieved through driving by gears and racks, an X-axis moving mechanism is mounted on the Y-axis mounting plate through two polish rods, linear motion along an X axis can be achieved through driving by gears and racks, the Y-axis rotating mechanism is mounted on an X-axis sliding block through bolts, and rotating along the Y axis can be achieved through driving by a steering engine. By means of the omni-directional intelligent furniture paint spraying robot, space four-degrees-of-freedom movement of the spraying gun of the robot can be entirely achieved, omni-directional paint spraying can be performed on whole furniture, and defects that common paint spraying machines can only spray paint on panel plane furniture by fixed production lines, and the like can be overcome.

The invention discloses a steamer with a solenoid valve water supply device. The steamer comprises a water tank, an auxiliary water tank, a boiler used for generating steam and a steamer chamber. The lower portion of the boiler is communicated with the auxiliary water tank, a heater is arranged in the boiler, a gas guide pipe led to the steamer chamber is arranged at the upper portion of the boiler, and a channel is formed between the bottom of the water tank and the auxiliary water tank. The steamer is characterized in that a water inlet solenoid valve is arranged in the auxiliary water tank, and a water level sensing device controlling the water inlet solenoid valve to close the channel when sensing that the water level in the auxiliary water tank ascends to a preset high water level, controlling the water inlet solenoid valve to open the channel when sensing that the water level in the auxiliary water tank descends to a preset low water level and controlling a heating pipe to be closed when sensing that the water level in the auxiliary water tank descends to a preset danger water level is arranged in the auxiliary water tank, wherein the preset high water level is lower than the gas outlet of the boiler and higher than the preset low water level, the preset low water level is higher than the preset danger water level, and the preset danger water level is higher than the bottom of the heater.

The invention discloses a fed and discharged material clamping device in engine crankshaft machining, aiming at solving the problem of positioning and clamping crankshaft workpieces when being fed and discharged. The clamping device comprises an execution mechanism, a driving mechanism, a positioning block and a workpiece identifying mechanism, an installing plate and a PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) control system, wherein the execution mechanism is composed of guide tracks, slide blocks, clamping arms and a clamping base; the guide tracks are symmetrically arranged at left and right and are fixed on the installing plate; the sliding blocks are assembled at the front and back ends of the guide track at each side; the clamping arm comprises a front clamping arm which is assembled with two slide blocks at the front end and a rear clamping arm which is assembled with two slide blocks at the rear end; the clamping base comprises a crankshaft flange end sleeve base and a crankshaft front end sleeve base; the crankshaft flange end sleeve base is embedded at the lower end of the front clamping arm; and the crankshaft front end sleeve base is embedded at the lower end of the rear clamping arm. The clamping device has the characteristics of simple structure, convenience in maintenance, low manufacturing cost and accurate positioning, the workpiece is prevented from being collided or scratched when being fed and discharged, the working intensity of operation personnel is reduced, and the working efficiency is improved.

The invention provides a small-flow reflowing and flow limiting control device which is used for a start-stop water supply system and / or an auxiliary water supply system of a nuclear power station and comprises a flow meter, an automatic recirculating valve, a flow limiting device and a first isolating valve which are connected to a main flow passage of the start-stop water supply system and / or the auxiliary water supply system of the nuclear power station. A bypass valve of the automatic recirculating valve, a check valve and a second isolating valve are sequentially connected by pipelines to form a small-flow reflowing passage of the start-stop water supply system and / or the auxiliary water supply system of the nuclear power station. The small-flow reflowing and flow limiting control device provided by the invention adopts passive components of the automatic recirculating valve and a pressure reducing valve to achieve a small-flow reflowing function and adopts a passive component of a flow limiting orifice plate to achieve the flow limiting function, and thus, the reliability and safety of the small-flow reflowing and flow limiting control device are improved, so that the safety operation of the nuclear power station is ensured.

The invention provides a printing and sealing device. The printing and sealing device comprises a file printing device (20) and a file sealing device arranged on a bracket. The file sealing device comprises a file moving platform (10), and a seal moving platform is arranged on the file moving platform (10); the seal moving platform comprises a fixed rack for fixing a seal, a displacement mechanismfor controlling X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis displacements on the seal and a file monitoring mechanism for monitoring the position of a file; the file moving platform (10) comprises a printed piece conveying mechanism (13) which moves longitudinally, and the starting end of the printed piece conveying mechanism (13) is at a file outlet (22) of a file printing device (20); a printed piece positioningplatform (12) which moves transversely is arranged at the tail end of the printed piece conveying mechanism (13); and a position limiting mechanism is arranged on the printed piece positioning platform (12).

The invention discloses a double-row full-ball self-aligning ball bearing with a large self-aligning angle, and belongs to the technical field of bearings. The double-row full-ball self-aligning ball bearing with the large self-aligning angle solves the problems that an existing self-aligning ball bearing is small in self-aligning angle range, and cannot meet special working condition needs of low starting torque and a large operating angle. The double-row full-ball self-aligning ball bearing comprises an outer ring, an inner ring, two dustproof covers and a plurality of rolling bodies, wherein the middle cross section of the outer radial surface of the inner ring and the cross section of the inner radial surface of the outer ring are in the shape of circular arc; a curvature center of the inner radial surface of the outer ring is consistent with that of the middle of the outer radial surface of the inner ring; two ring-shaped roller paths which are arranged side by side are arranged in the circumferential direction on the outer radial surface of the inner ring; the two ring-shaped roller paths are symmetrically arranged with respect to the radial central line of the inner ring; the plurality of rolling bodies are tightly arranged in the two ring-shaped roller paths separately; the dustproof cover is a ring-shaped plate; and the two dustproof covers are fixedly arranged at the two ends of the outer ring symmetrically, and are positioned between the outer ring and the inner ring. According to the double-row full-ball self-aligning ball bearing disclosed by the invention, the self-aligning angle of the bearing is effectively increased.

The invention discloses a new energy VSG frequency modulation direct current voltage control apparatus, method and optimization method. The apparatus comprises a main circuit, a first phase-locked loop, a reference power calculation module, a direct current voltage optimization module, a first comparator, a first regulator, a transmitting end active / reactive power determination module, a second phase-locked loop, a first virtual synchronous generator determination module, a second comparator, a second regulator, a receiving end active / reactive power determination module, a third phase-locked loop and a second virtual synchronous generator determination module. A reference power set value of a direct current circuit is determined according to power grid frequency firstly; next, a first direct current voltage reference value and a second direct current voltage reference value are determined according to the reference power set value; and finally a transmitting end rectifying station anda receiving end inversion station are adjusted indirectly according to the first direct current voltage reference value and the second direct current voltage reference value to ensure that the transmitting end rectifying station and the receiving end inversion station can work within a safe threshold value range and to prevent a condition that the direct current side voltage is greater than a safethreshold value.

The invention discloses a pipe wall bonding and molding method of an air-inflation stretching arm, relating to the pipe wall bonding and molding method and aiming to solve the problem that the traditional common planar worktable can not be used for bonding arc-shaped reinforcing strips and planar hook and loop fasteners at the same time. The pipe wall bonding and molding method comprises the steps of: 1, grinding a laminated aluminum thin-film hasp bonding area, a pipe-molding bonding area A, a reinforcing strip bonding area and a pipe-molding bonding area B, and cleaning with acetone; 2, coating an adhesive, standing at room temperature for 30 min, bonding nylon hasps firstly and then bonding the reinforcing strips; and (3) increasing pressure in a cylindrical thin-film air bag to 20kPa, coating a laminated aluminum thin film on the air bag, winding bandages uniformly, increasing the pressure to 50kPa, standing at room temperature for 96h, reducing the pressure, removing bandages to complete the bonding and molding of the pipe wall. According to the invention, the average peel strength between the hook and loop fastener and the pipe wall of the air-inflation stretching arm is 0.25KN / m and is in increased by two times compared with that of the traditional bonding process. The pipe wall bonding and molding method is applied to the field of pipe walls of the air-inflation stretching arms.

The invention provides an arc-shaped remote object motion simulator driven by a linear motor. The arc-shaped remote object motion simulator is capable of simulating motion of an object source along a spherical surface with high precision, high speed, high acceleration and high frequency response. According to the embodiment of the invention, the arc-shaped remote object motion simulator driven by the linear motor comprises a longitudinal component and a transverse component, wherein the longitudinal component comprises a longitudinal component rack and a longitudinal linear motor driving system, and the longitudinal linear motor driving system is arranged on the longitudinal component rack and is used for driving the object source to perform longitudinal circular motion; the transverse component comprises a transverse component rack and multiple transverse linear motor driving systems, and the transverse linear motor driving systems are arranged on the transverse component rack and are used for driving the longitudinal component to perform transverse circular motion.

The invention discloses an oil hole drilling fixture for a joint of an inclined oil cylinder. The oil hole drilling fixture comprises a base, a compression assembly and a clamping assembly, wherein astation allowing a cylinder barrel body of the inclined oil cylinder to be placed is formed on the base, the compression assembly comprises a compression cylinder and a compression plate, a cylinder body of the compression cylinder is fixed to the base, the head end of the compression plate is fixedly connected with a piston rod of the compression cylinder, and the tail end of the compression plate extends to the upper side of the station of the base; and a cylinder body of the clamping cylinder of the clamping assembly is also fixed to the base, the clamping cylinder is a pneumatic finger cylinder, the clamping cylinder is provided with a first moving finger and a second moving finger, the head end of a first clamping plate is fixedly connected with the first moving finger of the clampingcylinder, the tail end of the first clamping plate extends to the upper side of the station of the base, and the head of the second clamping plate is fixedly connected with the second moving finger of the clamping cylinder. The drilling fixture replaces the functions of manual location and compression, thereby avoiding the shortages of low manual location accuracy, unreliable compression and lowoperation safety.

The invention relates to an automatic stacking and palletizing device. The automatic stacking and palletizing device comprises a frame, a supplied material roller line, a grabbing conveying mechanismand a pallet, wherein the supplied material roller line is used for receiving material boxes and comprises a conveying line support, a plurality of rollers arranged between the two ends of the conveying line support, a pair of first push plates positioned at the two ends of the conveying line support and a pair of second push plates positioned at the two sides of the conveying line support; the material box can be switched in the X direction and the Y direction; the grabbing conveying mechanism is connected to the frame and can perform triaxial movement; the lower end of the grabbing conveyingmechanism is provided with a grabbing part for grabbing the material boxes; and the pallet is arranged below the frame and used for bearing the stacked material boxes. The material boxes can be positioned on the periphery once before mechanical arms grab the material boxes, so that each material box is at a fixed position, the difficulty of grabbing the material boxes by the mechanical arms is greatly reduced, and the complexity of a control program is reduced as well.

The invention provides a capacitor ripple current protection device and method and an air conditioner. The capacitor ripple current protection device comprises a voltage sampling circuit, a ripple current calculation circuit and a protection circuit. The voltage sampling circuit is electrically connected to the ripple current calculation circuit. The ripple current calculation circuit is electrically connected to the protection circuit. The protection circuit is electrically connected to a rear stage circuit of acapacitor. The voltage sampling circuit is used for sampling the voltage of the capacitor. The ripple current calculation circuit calculates the ripple current of the capacitor according to the sampling voltage and the sampling time. The protection circuit is used to perform a protection operation when the ripple current is greater than a threshold. By setting the voltage sampling circuit, the ripple current calculation circuit and the protection circuit, the ripple current overcurrent protection is applied to the capacitor to prevent the ripple current of the capacitor from exceeding the safety threshold, thereby the safety of the capacitor is ensured effectively. Excessive ripple current leading to shortened or failed capacitor life is avoided, and the cost of production and after-sale cost of electric appliances are reduced.

The invention provides a semiconductor package and a method for manufacturing the same. The periphery of an LED element (13) in an element-mounted recessed section (12) in a mount member (11) is filled with a transparent insulating resin (16), and a wiring path, which connects between an electrode section (14) on the upper surface of the LED element (13) and an electrode section (15) on the upper surface of the mount member (11), is planarized by using the insulating resin (16). After a pattern of a liquid-repellent primer resin layer (20) is formed linearly or in a strip shape by ejecting a liquid-repellent primer resin ink onto the insulating resin (16) by means of a droplet ejection method, a conductive ink is ejected onto the primer resin layer (20) by means of the droplet ejection method, and on the primer resin layer (20), a pattern of wiring (17) is formed over the electrode section (14) on the upper surface of the LED element (13) and the electrode section (15) on the upper surface of the mount member (11), thereby connecting between the electrode section (14) on the upper surface of the LED element (13) and the electrode section (15) on the upper surface of the mount member (11) by means of the wiring (17).

The invention discloses a high-precision screw and screw nut screwing device, which has the advantages that the deformation state of a low-voltage electric appliance key component, i.e., a bimetallic strip is used as a predicating object, the randomness and the uncertainty of the heated stress deformation and the material of the bimetallic strip are subjected to predictive inference analysis, and the feedforward quantity is provided for a test system; the critical scientific problem of additional-force-free screwing of screws and screw nuts of a component at the tail end of the bimetallic strip is solved.

The invention discloses a method for co-treating soil and groundwater pollutants by utilizing soil organisms and a permeable reactive barrier. The method comprises the following steps: 1. determining the quantity of earthworms, and putting in; 2. breeding the earthworms; 3. mounting the permeable reaction barrier; and 4. recycling the earthworms. Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages that on the basis of the prior art and according to the biochemistry and soil ecology principle, pollutants in the soil can be treated by adopting the soil organisms such as earthworms, and groundwater can be treated by synergistically adopting the improved permeable reactive barrier and a block soil organism culture area can be formed, so that the purposes of removing pollutants in the soil and groundwater and realizing the circular economy can be achieved.

The invention relates to equipment for automatically aligning stacking goods. The equipment comprises a framework, wherein a horizontal conveying mechanism is arranged at the lower part of the framework, a lifting mechanism is arranged in the frame, four clamping mechanisms are arranged in the lifting mechanism, the horizontal conveying mechanism comprises a horizontal carrier roller, a supportingroller chain wheel is arranged at the end of the horizontal supporting roller, a horizontal conveying motor is arranged below the horizontal supporting roller, the output end of the horizontal conveying motor is provided with a motor chain wheel, and the motor chain wheel drives the carrier roller chain wheel through a chain. The structure is simple, the labor intensity of workers is reduced, thegoods which are stacked are automatically finished to meet the specified size, the goods can be prevented from exceeding the size of the bottom tray, the goods conveying automation is realized, and the functions of automatic storage, mechanical arm grabbing and the like can be realized by the goods stacks of the whole tray.

The air storage glass tube oil gauge device is made up of the segregator, the oil gauge glass tube, the air balanced valve, the oil gas suction valve, the delivery valve, the U tube, the oil gauge valve, the air tank and the enter oil collecting line controlling valve. The U tube is set in the front line of the segregator delivery valve, the two ends of the U tube is welded with the flown line and the oil gauge valve is set between the two ends, the height of the U tube is lower than the height of the glass tube; a horizontal tank or a vertical tank is buried in the vitta line of the U tube front which the bottom is set with a flowline connected with the oil collecting tube line between them is the controlling valve; a balanced pipe is set on the top of the air tank which is connected with the segregator air balanced valve. The invention can improve the drain speed and decrease the oil gauge time.

The invention provides a two-axis precision movement platform for an X-ray diffraction instrument, and belongs to the field of X-ray and multi-axis precision movement platforms. Two piezoelectric linear motors arranged in parallel in the Z direction are adopted to push a test piece workbench, Z-direction movement of the test piece workbench is produced through synchronous movement of the two Z-direction piezoelectric linear motors, two Hall sensors are adopted as displacement detection elements of the two Z-direction piezoelectric linear motors respectively, and a spring and a connecting rod are used for pretightening the contact portions of motor rods of the piezoelectric linear motors and the test piece workbench and the hinged portions of the test piece workbench and an Z-direction sliding block. The two-axis precision movement platform has the advantages that the precision piezoelectric linear motors are adopted as the driving components, the movement distance is long, response is rapid, and positioning precision is high; the Hall sensors are used for providing limiting signals and initial position signals, and movement parts are prevented from exceeding the movement range. The two-axis precision movement platform is applicable to movement and multi-angle irradiation analysis of test pieces in X-ray diffraction analysis.

The invention relates to a teapot-shaped deoiling and deslaging soup spoon, which adopts the principle that oil is lighter than water, oil floats on the surface of soup, and less oil is contained under the surface of the soup, so that the soup is spooned up from the position below the surface of the soup. A spoon body is cylindrical, an opening is arranged at a spoon bottom, a push bar is arranged in the opening and can open and close the opening, an opening arranged at the spoon wall near the spoon bottom is used as a soup outlet, and a soup outlet pipe is arranged on the hole. When being used, the soup spoon is immersed in the opening of the soup outlet pipe in the soup and a spoon outlet is arranged above the surface of the soup. A soup inlet is opened, the soup enters in the spoon and then the soup inlet is closed, the soup spoon is taken out and pours the oil floating at the soup outlet pipe opening and then pours the soup, and the pouring of the soup is stopped when the surface of the soup in the spoon approaches to the soup outlet.

The invention discloses an oil separator hole drawing method and a hole drawing die processing method, and belongs to the field of hole drawing. The hole drawing method comprises the following steps that a drawing head located at the working position is aligned with an output shaft of a motor while the drawing head is fixed on a positioning device; then an oil separator is placed on a fixing die,and is clamped through a clamp die, and the motor is started to enable the front end of the output shaft of the motor to be connected with the drawing head; and then the motor is driven to move so asto drive the drawing head to carry out hole drawing and flanging operations on a to-be-machined hole in the oil separator, and thus the machined flange is uniform in wall thickness and consistent in height. The hole drawing die processing method comprises the steps of shape forming and heat treatment of the drawing head and the fixing die, and the manufactured hole drawing die is accurate in shape, good in wear resistance and long in service life.

The invention provides an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) screen body electrode connecting structure comprising an OLED screen body, at least one OLED light-emitting unit arranged on the front face of the OLED screen body, and an FPC flexible circuit board. Each OLED light-emitting unit comprises a light-emitting area and an electrode. A containing groove is formed in the back surface of the OLED screen body. The electrodes of the OLED light-emitting units are arranged on the back surface, exposed from the containing groove, of the OLED screen body. The FPC flexible circuit board comprises a circuit board main body part and a circuit board connecting part fixed in the containing groove. A plurality of connecting circuits led out from the circuit board main body part are integrated on the circuit board connecting part, connected with the electrodes of the OLED light-emitting units correspondingly, and parallelly arranged in the width direction of the containing groove, so that the circuit arrangement design is reasonable and orderly, the width of a binding area of the FPC flexible circuit board and the OLED screen body is effectively decreased, attractiveness is achieved, and the occupied space of the OLED screen body can be reduced.

The invention discloses a 3M glue auto-pasting and die-cutting machine comprising a frame. A feeding component, a film pasting component, a shear tool component, a shear platform component and a carrying component are disposed on the frame; the feeding component comprises four transmission rolls and a speed adjusting component, the side of the feeding component is provided with the film pasting component, the shear tool component is arranged at the downstream of the feeding component and comprises a shear tool motor and a tool, the shear platform component is arranged below the tool, the side of the shear platform component is provided with the carrying component, two horizontally placed carrying arms are mounted on a carrying motor, and each carrying arm is provided with two suckers. Operation modes such as traditional die cutting and manual pasting are replaced, the storage problem of various products is solved, use while cutting may be achieved, and production efficiency may be improved. A present relatively advanced CNC (computer numeric control) intelligent operating system is used, and the machine has an auto-computing function and is convenient to operate.

The invention discloses a static pressure pile machine which comprises a machine body (8), a pressure pile oil cylinder (1) and a pressure pile platform beam (3). Four uprights (2) vertical to the machine body (8) are arranged on the machine body (8); both ends of the pressure pile platform beam (3) are respectively sleeved on the four uprights (2) in a sliding mode; and the pressure pile platform beam (3) is connected with the upper ends of the uprights (2) by detachable positioning shafts (9). According to the invention, by the up-and-down sliding of the pressure pile platform beam, the space and the height which are occupied by the machine in the transporting process are reduced, the aim of not disassembling the pressure pile oil cylinder, the beam and a pressure pile box is fulfilled, the complete machine transportation is implemented, the transition time is shortened, the labor intensity is reduced and the economic benefits are promoted.

The invention relates to a metal board trimming device with a function of strengthening trimming unit by utilization of plasma nitriding and provided with a vibration wireless warning device. The device comprises a frame assembly, a processing device and a transparent protection cover body. The processing device is arranged on the frame assembly and used for strengthening the trimming unit by utilization of plasma nitriding. The transparent protection cover body covers the processing device. The processing device comprises a trimming center used for strengthening the trimming unit by utilization of plasma nitriding, a feeding device, a discharge device and a manipulator device. An open-close door of the transparent protection cover body is arranged on the right side of the trimming center for plasma nitriding and strengthening. A passage, which allows a to-be-processed metal board to pass through, is arranged between the position below the open-close door and the upper end of the frame assembly. The metal board trimming device with the function of strengthening trimming unit by utilization of plasma nitriding and provided with the vibration wireless warning device has following beneficial effects: the metal board trimming device is reasonable in design and compact in structure and convenient to use.

A vehicle, such as an airplane sets a limit for a control variable used to deflect a control surface. The limit is set as a function of an unfavorable flight condition / target angle of attack and a rate of change of angle of attack so that a pilot control variable command is prevented from exceeding the limit to prevent the vehicle from reaching an unfavorable flight condition and / or exceeding a desired angle of attack limit.

The invention discloses a cutting apparatus for a tab of a battery core. The cutting apparatus comprises a frame, wherein a workbench is arranged on the frame and is provided with a convex-arc downward cutting knife; the frame is provided with a cylinder which is located above the convex-arc downward cutting knife, and the output terminal of the cylinder moves downwards and is connected with a concave-arc upward cutting knife which moves downwards with the cylinder and is cooperated with the convex-arc downward cutting knife for cutting of the tab of the battery core; and a positioning stop dog for limiting the cutting length of the tab of the battery core is arranged behind convex-arc downward cutting knife. According to the invention, the concave-arc upward cutting knife and the convex-arc downward cutting knife are utilized for cutting the tab, so a bent R angle is better prevented from extending out from the body of the battery core to puncture an aluminum-plastic diagram, and thus, accidents and battery scraping caused by the puncture of the aluminum-plastic diagram are prevented.