The invention relates to a preparation method of a high-temperature-resistant basalt fiber, which comprises the following steps: pulverizing basalt ore, adding 1-4% of a pro-oxidant which is one or acomposition of CeO2 or La2O3 into the ore powder, uniformly mixing, heating to melt to obtain a basalt glass melt, flowing onto a heat-resistant steel plate, and cooling to obtain a basalt glass block; and putting the basalt fiber into a single-hole wire drawing crucible, adjusting the temperature and the liquid level height of the crucible and the rotating speed of a wire drawing machine, and preparing the basalt fiber through a crucible wire drawing process. According to the method, CeO2 or La2O3 is added into the basalt ore raw material, under the action of high temperature, FeO in basalt is promoted to be oxidized into Fe2O3, so that the conversion temperature of a basalt vitreous body and the peak temperature of a crystallization peak are increased, the high-temperature viscosity is reduced, the crystallization upper limit temperature is reduced, the wiredrawing process range is enlarged, and wiredrawing operation is facilitated; and the prepared basalt fiber has excellent high temperature resistance.