The invention discloses a direct-current large-current fused salt defreezing and preheating device of a groove type vacuum heat collecting pipe and belongs to the technical field of thermal equipment. The direct-current large-current fused salt defreezing and preheating device is composed of a pipeline system and a direct electric heating system. The pipeline system comprises a voltage limiting valve V1, a voltage limiting valve V2, a ceramic electric insulating structure used for being connected with a heat absorber supporting mechanism, an expansion tank and a voltage limiting valve V3. The direct electric heating system comprises a field transformer, a standby alternator, an AC/DC module used for AC-DC conversion, a connection copper cable, a terminal block, a Pt100 temperature sensor T1, a Pt100 temperature sensor T2 and a Pt100 temperature sensor T3, wherein the Pt100 temperature sensor T1, the Pt100 temperature sensor T2 and the Pt100 temperature sensor T3 are used for controlling. According to the direct-current large-current fused salt defrosting and preheating device of the groove type vacuum heat collecting pipe, a body resistor in a stainless steel inner pipe of the vacuum heat collecting pipe is used as an electric-heating heating element, the problems of freezing and blocking of fused salt and preheating starting in the groove type system vacuum heat collecting pipe are solved, and the direct-current large-current fused salt defrosting and preheating device has the advantages of being convenient to carry out, capable of saving space in the vacuum heat collecting pipe, even in peripheral heating, little in heat transfer resistance and short in defreezing and preheating time.