The invention provides a detection system based on ground and underground space stereoscopic transient electromagnetic data collection. The system comprises a transient electromagnetic transmitter, a transient electromagnetic transmitting loop, a transient electromagnetic receiver, a ground surface series receiving probe, a vertical hole series receiving probe, a first mining level series receiving probe and a second mining level series receiving probe. The transient electromagnetic transmitter and the transient electromagnetic transmitting loop are arranged on a ground surface and are just above a plan-to-detect target, the vertical hole series receiving probe is arranged in a vertical hole, the first mining level series receiving probe is arranged in a first mining level, and the second mining level series receiving probe is arranged in a second mining level. According to the detection system, the detection advantages of a transient electromagnetic method can be fully played, high precision, ground and underground, space and stereoscopic range transient electromagnetic data can be obtained, a geological anomalous body in a detection range can be accurately determined, and reliable geological data is provided for the safety production of a coal mine.