The invention discloses a multi-satellite positioning and orbit determination precision rapid analysis method for space-based space target monitoring, and relates to the technical field of space target monitoring. According to the method, firstly, the multi-satellite positioning error is rapidly analyzed according to the single-station data type, the measurement error and the multi-satellite geometric configuration, then the relationship between the semi-major axis error and the positioning error of short-arc-segment orbit determination is given by utilizing the characteristics of propagation along the track of the orbit, the method is simple, convenient and visual, and quantitative support is provided for the overall design of a space-based space target monitoring system. The method can be suitable for the design of a multi-satellite positioning and orbit determination system for space-based space target monitoring, can also be popularized and applied to the design of a space-ground multi-satellite multi-station combined positioning and orbit determination system, can rapidly and quantitatively evaluate the space target positioning and orbit determination result under different constellation designs, is clear in principle, is simple in calculation, is accurate in evaluation, and can be widely applied to a space-based space target monitoring system.