367 results about "Textile fiber" patented technology

The invention belongs to the field of textile dyeing and finishing, and particularly relates to a functional hollow covering yarn and a preparation method and application thereof. The method comprises the following steps: pretreating textile fibers; preparing a functional additive solution; finishing the auxiliary agent and the fibers by adopting a supercritical CO2 process to obtain functional fibers; twisting the functional fibers and the water-soluble fibers into covering yarns; and dissolving the water-soluble fiber to obtain the functional hollow core-spun yarn. The problems that a traditional technology is single in function, poor in environmental protection performance and unstable in structure are solved, and the product has excellent physical performance (breathability, quick drying, fluffiness and the like) and multiple sanitary functions and is suitable for the field of functional fabric.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a multifunctional textile-based sports sweat monitoring intelligent hair band, and relates to the technical field of intelligent wearing. According to the hair band, water-absorbing textile fibers are adopted as a sweat collecting part, the surface of the sweat collecting part is coated with a conductive material to form a flexible electrode sensing layer, and meanwhile, a selective recognition material is modified to detect sweat components such as glucose, the pH value, Na < + > and K < + >. In addition, the textile-based temperature sensor is prepared based on a conductive filament or conductive coating composite technology. The hair band integrates the sweat sensor, the temperature sensor and the inertial sensor, can monitor the movement distance, the stride frequency, the step speed, the step number and the calorie consumption, fixes the inertial sensor in a bonding mode through liquid silica gel, and enables a collector to be close to the forehead through the combination of a hook-and-loop fastener and a hair band base body. Through material innovation, process optimization and system integration, unification of comfort, functionality and economical efficiency is achieved, and an efficient and universal technical scheme is provided for development of intelligent sports wearable equipment.

The utility model relates to the technical field of textile, in particular to a comfortable and environment-friendly regenerated viscose knitted fabric, and the pattern of the comfortable and environment-friendly regenerated viscose knitted fabric is circulated by six paths from bottom to top, the weave structure of the first path sequentially comprises a lower needle cylinder floating thread weave, a lower needle cylinder tuck stitch, an upper dial tuck stitch and an upper dial floating thread weave; wherein the second path of stitch structure comprises a lower needle cylinder tuck stitch, a lower needle cylinder floating thread stitch, an upper dial floating thread stitch and an upper dial tuck stitch in sequence; the third path of weave structure comprises a lower needle cylinder floating thread weave, a lower needle cylinder floating thread weave, an upper dial small looping weave and an upper dial small looping weave in sequence; the texture structure and the fabric formed by blending the selected textile fibers have good hygroscopicity, air permeability and elasticity, are suitable for making comfortable sportswear, and meet the requirements of consumers for high quality and comfort.

The invention relates to the technical field of fiber fusion, and discloses a textile fiber cotton continuous forming device which comprises a forming machine, a cotton plate forming mechanism is arranged in the forming machine, and the cotton plate forming mechanism comprises a forming die, a pre-forming assembly and a glue solution blowing-floating curing assembly, and the pre-forming assembly and the glue solution blowing-floating curing assembly are matched with each other; a forming discharging port is formed in the forming die, a discharging conveying belt is arranged at the forming discharging port, the pre-forming assembly is composed of a feeding pretreatment channel and a forming continuous cylinder, and the discharging end of the feeding pretreatment channel communicates with the forming continuous cylinder and is flatly laid on the surface of the discharging conveying belt; and the glue solution blowing, floating and curing assembly comprises an air heater and glue blowing strips which are transversely and uniformly arranged along the discharging conveying belt. Through precise cooperation of the hot-air blower and the transverse glue blowing strip, double optimization of glue solution solidification and permeation is achieved, hot air jet from bottom to top forms a reverse airflow field, the falling glue solution generates a suspension permeation effect before solidification, the permeation depth of the glue solution is increased, and the bonding strength of fiber nodes is improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of functional textile fibers, and particularly relates to a high-performance luminescent fiber driven by safe voltage and a preparation method of the high-performance luminescent fiber. The light-emitting fiber sequentially comprises a cylinder-like conductive fiber electrode, a dielectric layer, a light-emitting layer, an outer fiber electrode and a shell-imitated pearl packaging layer from inside to outside, the preparation process comprises the following steps: loading conductive slurry to the surface of textile fiber through coating to obtain conductive fiber with a conductive layer; a load dielectric layer and a light emitting layer; winding a fiber external electrode on the surface of the luminous layer; simulating a shell nacreous layer structure, and forming a packaging layer on the surface of the luminous fiber; the packaging layer has excellent performances of mechanical friction resistance, thermal aging resistance and the like. According to the invention, the electric field uniformity of a high-curvature interface is improved, more light-emitting particles are excited by an effective electric field to emit light, so that the light-emitting brightness is improved, the brightness can reach 127cd / m < 2 > under the driving of 36V / 2kHz alternating current, the characteristic of human body safety voltage driving is realized, the wearable safety is improved, and meanwhile, the power consumption is reduced.

Method for producing of a sound-absorbing panel (F), comprising a step of preparing a predetermined amount of cellulose fibres and a step of immersing the cellulose fibres in a first water basin (100) to form a cellulose pulp (P1). The method then comprises a step of preparing a predetermined amount of textile fibres (V) and a step of mixing, in water, the cellulose pulp (P1) with the textile fibres (V) to obtain a final pulp (P3) and a step of depositing the final pulp (P3) on a forming mould (300). The method then comprises a step of pressing at least the final pulp (P3) in order to cause an at least partial removal of the water contained in the final pulp (P3) making a fibre mat (T) and a step of drying the fibre mat (T) so as to cause evaporation of the water remained in the fibre mat (T) making a sound-absorbing panel (F).

The invention relates to the technical field of refrigeration fibers, and particularly discloses a radiation refrigeration textile fiber and a preparation method thereof.The preparation method comprises the steps that a fluorine modifier and a styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer are dissolved in an organic solvent under the stirring and heating conditions, then fiber master batches are added, stirring continues to be conducted for 30-60 min to enable the fiber master batches to be partially dissolved, and then the radiation refrigeration textile fiber is obtained; a material A is obtained; uniformly mixing a silane coupling agent with deionized water and absolute ethyl alcohol, and then adding a pH regulator to regulate the pH value of the system to a preset value, so as to obtain a material B; uniformly stirring the material A and the material B, reacting at 60-70 DEG C for 2-5 hours, and drying to obtain modified fiber master batch; and preparing the modified fiber master batch into the radiation refrigeration textile fiber by adopting a melt spinning process. According to the method, on the premise that the mechanical strength of the fiber is not affected, the thermal emissivity of the traditional fiber in an atmospheric transparent window interval and the sunlight reflecting capacity of the fiber are greatly improved.

The invention relates to the field of recyclable textile fiber dyeing, in particular to a textile fiber stripping cyclic regeneration method based on preset dye dyeing, and provides a preset dye which is an azo structure dye, the azo structure dye molecule contains a group capable of being reduced by a reducing agent, and the preset dye is an azo structure dye. The preset dye for dyeing the recycled textile fibers is used for dyeing cashmere or wool fibers, yarns or fabrics; according to the method, the recycling rate of textile fibers is improved, namely opening, stripping, re-dyeing and textile processing are carried out in the textile and garment processing process or used waste textiles, the selection and design method of the preset dye which is of a specific structure and is used for dyeing the recycling textile fibers is provided, and the quality requirements of color fastness and the like of products are met.

The invention discloses an antibacterial and deodorant functional fabric and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the technical field of textile fibers. When the antibacterial and deodorant functional fabric is prepared, pre-modified titanium dioxide reacts with diallyl chlorophosphate to prepare modified titanium dioxide; the preparation method comprises the following steps: carrying out polycondensation on hydroxypropyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane, ethylene glycol, 3, 5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid and terephthalic acid to prepare polyester, and reacting with 4-chloromethylstyrene to prepare modified polyester; carrying out melt spinning on the modified polyester and the modified titanium dioxide to obtain polyester fibers; spinning polyester fibers to obtain a fiber fabric; carrying out coprecipitation on the carboxylated beta-cyclodextrin and tea polyphenol to prepare a carboxylated beta-cyclodextrin inclusion compound; the preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing a polyester fabric with a sodium hydroxide aqueous solution to prepare an alkali-treated polyester fabric, and immersing the alkali-treated polyester fabric into a carboxylated beta-cyclodextrin inclusion compound aqueous solution to prepare the antibacterial and deodorant functional fabric. The antibacterial and deodorant functional fabric prepared by the invention has good antibacterial, deodorant, flame-retardant and mechanical properties.

The invention provides a thermal insulation composite yarn based on aerogel and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the field of textile fiber manufacturing. The aerogel-based heat-preservation composite yarn comprises a core layer, which is composed of aerogel composite fibers containing silicon dioxide aerogel and a first polymer; the middle layer is coated outside the core layer and is formed by thermoplastic elastomer filaments without aerogel; and the outer layer is coated outside the middle layer and consists of second polymer filaments which do not contain aerogel. According to the aerogel-based heat preservation composite yarn, the heat insulation performance, the mechanical performance and the wear resistance are comprehensively improved.

The invention provides a degradable modified polyester fiber as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the field of textile fibers. The degradable modified polyester fiber provided by the invention is prepared from the following components in parts by weight: 80 to 110 parts of PBAT (poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)), 1 to 35 parts of natural plant fiber, 0.1 to 20 parts of hyperbranched polyester grafted carbon nanotube, 0.1 to 20 parts of nano-silver-titanium dioxide compound and 0.1 to 20 parts of plant essential oil microcapsule, the degradable modified polyester fiber is prepared from the components through melt blending and spinning, so that the toughness is enhanced while the mechanical property is improved, the components can be uniformly dispersed, the interfacial compatibility is improved, and the polyester fiber is endowed with antistatic property and antibacterial property. The application of the modified polyester fiber in textiles can solve the problems that waste textiles are difficult to degrade, the textiles are poor in flexibility and comfort and the like.

The invention discloses an antibacterial textile fiber material and a preparation process thereof, and relates to the technical field of preparation of antibacterial textile fiber materials.The preparation process comprises the steps that raw materials are pretreated, and an antibacterial premix is prepared; carrying out melt blending, extruding and pelletizing to prepare antibacterial master batches; spinning and forming to prepare nascent fibers; carrying out post-treatment, stretching and shaping the nascent fibers, finally carrying out antibacterial finishing, and airing to obtain a finished product of the antibacterial textile fiber material. According to the invention, a composite antibacterial system is formed by compounding nano zinc oxide and a plant-derived antibacterial extract, and process optimization such as plasma pretreatment, ultrasonic-assisted dispersion and multi-section stretching is combined, so that synergistic integration of efficient and lasting antibacterial property, excellent mechanical property and multiple functions of the antibacterial textile fiber material is realized; meanwhile, the precision controllability and the raw material utilization rate of the production process are improved, and comprehensive breakthrough of the antibacterial textile fiber material in the antibacterial effect, the mechanical property, the practical function and the production efficiency is achieved.

The invention relates to the technical field of detection devices, and discloses a textile fiber component detection device and method, and the device comprises an optical detector which is used for imaging and photographing the surface of textile cloth. When a first magnetic ring is attracted by the magnetic force of a second magnetic ring, textile cloth can be tightly pressed on the upper surfaces of a first arc block and a second arc block, friction force is generated between the textile cloth and the first arc block and friction force is generated between the textile cloth and the second arc block, and when the first arc block and the second arc block move in the direction away from the second magnetic ring, the textile cloth is fixed. Through the arrangement, when the textile cloth is straightened and flattened, the tensile force on the surface of the textile cloth is more uniform, bending wrinkles caused by uneven tensile force on the local surface of the textile cloth are avoided, and it is ensured that under detection of an optical detection lens, fiber types or surface characteristics of the textile cloth are clear; the accuracy of a detection result is ensured.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a composite phase change material, a thermal-insulation and antibacterial fabric and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the field of functional textile fabrics and preparation thereof. The composite phase change material provided by the invention can be applied as a coating finishing component, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: taking polystyrene microspheres as a core, and forming a composite precursor through dopamine self-polymerization coating; and compounding the composite precursor with a layered double-metal hydroxide, and calcining to obtain the carbon microsphere supported layered double-metal oxide material with a hollow structure, and mixing the carbon microsphere supported layered bimetal oxide material with paraffin, and loading to obtain the carbon microsphere supported layered bimetal oxide material. The textile fiber fabric provided by the invention has excellent thermal insulation and antibacterial characteristics, is good in comfort, and has wide application prospects in industrial production and clothing application.

The invention relates to the technical field of functional textile fibers, and discloses a high-elasticity textile fiber and a preparation method thereof.The preparation method comprises the following preparation steps that isocyanate, polyol and an organic solvent are mixed and heated, a catalyst is added, stirring reaction is conducted, then a chain extender and a composite conductive additive are added, stirring reaction is conducted, and a polyurethane matrix is obtained; the preparation method comprises the following steps: washing, drying and slicing a polyurethane matrix, extruding and granulating, and carrying out melt spinning and winding to obtain the high-elasticity textile fiber. In the composite conductive auxiliary agent, a tubular structure taking porous silicon dioxide loaded with liquid metal as a core material and graphene-polyaniline as a shell has relatively good tensile property, so that the situation that the liquid metal is easy to separate and separate out when the high-elasticity textile fiber is under a high tensile condition, so that the conductivity is reduced is avoided; and a cross-linked network structure is formed on the surface of the activated conductive filler, so that the impact resistance of the fiber can be enhanced.

The invention belongs to the technical field of high polymer materials and textile fibers, and particularly relates to a method for preparing regenerated cellulose short fibers by an ionic liquid method, which comprises the following steps of: (1) premixing crushed pulp and ionic liquid to form slurry; (2) feeding the slurry obtained in the step (1) into a double-screw extruder, and dissolving to obtain a cellulose spinning solution; (3) conveying the cellulose spinning solution obtained in the step (2) into a coagulating bath to obtain nascent fibers; and (4) stretching, washing, oiling, drying, curling and cutting the nascent fiber obtained in the step (3) to obtain the regenerated cellulose short fiber. In the regenerated cellulose short fiber preparation process, a solvent recovery system is adopted for ionic liquid recovery. The preparation method of the regenerated cellulose short fiber is efficient and mild in dissolution process, simple and energy-saving in solvent recovery, and the obtained fiber is excellent in mechanical property.

The invention relates to the technical field of wool textile, in particular to a wool textile fiber heat treatment device which comprises a heat treatment mechanism, a wool placement mechanism is arranged at the top of the heat treatment mechanism, the heat treatment mechanism comprises a heating pool, and guide vertical plates are fixedly connected to the left side and the right side of the front side and the rear side of the heating pool; according to the wool heat treatment device, the heat treatment mechanism and the wool placement mechanism are arranged, the automatic process of wool shaving, heat treatment and follow-up processing is achieved, the wool treatment efficiency is greatly improved through the heat treatment device, the heat treatment efficiency is greatly improved, and the wool heat treatment device is suitable for popularization and application. According to the wool heat treatment device, the uniformity and the quality stability of wool in the heat treatment process are guaranteed, in addition, through the ingenious mechanical structure design, for example, a crawler belt driven by a motor and a lead screw transmission system are used for controlling opening and closing of a cover plate, lifting of a wool containing assembly and clamping of wool, and the whole treatment process is smoother and more efficient.

The invention relates to the technical field of textile fiber component analysis, and discloses a textile fiber component qualitative online analysis system and method.The system comprises a spectrum collection module, a data processing terminal and a component recognition center, and the component recognition center comprises a spectrum preprocessing unit, a feature matching unit and a component judgment unit. The spectrum acquisition module acquires multi-band spectrum data of a textile sample in real time, and the data processing terminal receives an instruction to perform spectrum data format conversion. The spectrum preprocessing unit determines an interference section by recording spectrum distortion and a baseline correction interval, and controls the processing terminal to generate a spectrum characteristic matrix to calibrate component distribution on the surface of a sample; a feature matching unit generates a component report according to matched fiber types; when the component determination unit detects an abnormal spectrum, re-measurement is controlled in an interference section. The system realizes online real-time qualitative analysis of the textile fiber components, enhances the anti-interference capability, and can be widely applied to the field of textile fiber component analysis.

The application discloses a manufacturing method of household paving materials recycled from waste and old textile fibers, and is based on a physical recycling method, in which waste and old textile fibers, industrial waste nylon filaments and a small amount of low-melting-point polyester fibers are used as raw materials, and processes such as carding, web laying, needling and heat treatment are adopted to design and construct a non-woven fabric base cloth recycled from waste and old textile fibers, a loose thermal forming mechanism of the non-woven base cloth is disclosed, a relationship between the structure and the performance is established, a surface modification forming of the non-woven base cloth by a nylon waste filament adhesive and a nylon waste filament pulp is created, and finally, indoor and outdoor household paving materials recycled from textile fibers are obtained, and the effective hiding property, the loose characteristics and the soft performance of the coating material of the original background of the waste and old textile fibers are improved.

Textile fibers at least partially coated with a coating that includes particles of metal-organic frameworks dispersed in a polymeric base are provided. Also provided are fabrics formed from the textile fibers, protective gear and articles of clothing made from the fabrics, and methods of using the fibers and fabrics to catalyze the hydrolysis of organic molecules, such as organophosphate-based nerve agents, having hydrolysable bonds.

The invention discloses a non-woven fabric web conveying device with the function of compressing cotton web, which comprises left and right wallboards corresponding to each other, a cotton clamping mechanism arranged between the left and right wallboards, a cotton clamping adjusting mechanism arranged on the left wallboard for adjusting the clamping angle of the cotton clamping mechanism, a cotton clamping power transmission mechanism arranged on the right wallboard, the left end of a linkage shaft connected with the left side of the cotton clamping mechanism, a left rear conveying curtain adjusting mechanism fixed with the lower end of the rear side of the left wallboard, a right rear conveying curtain adjusting mechanism fixed with the lower end of the rear side of the right wallboard, the left middle part of the rear conveying curtain mechanism connected with the left rear conveying curtain adjusting mechanism, the right middle part of the rear conveying curtain mechanism connected with the right rear conveying curtain adjusting mechanism, the front part of the front conveying curtain mechanism supported between the left and right wallboards, the left and right middle parts supported on the ground, and the front part of the front conveying curtain mechanism protruding out of the front part of the left and right wallboards, and a conveying curtain driving mechanism arranged on the right side of the left wallboard. The device can reduce the operation intensity, shorten the downtime and meet the requirements of stepless adjustment.

An installation for sorting textile fiber components to be recycled into at least one material and / or at least one color is characterized in that all components to be sorted are conveyed to a cutting installation. The cutting installation is arranged to cut the components into pieces, and means are provided for transferring the cut pieces from the cutting installation to means for detecting the material or materials constituting each piece and / or the color or colors of each piece. Pieces detected as being made of at least one material and / or color are sent to output conveying means to obtain a collection point, while pieces detected as not being made of at least one material and / or color are not sent to output conveying means. Figure for the abbreviation: Fig. 1

Rope (3) made of textile fiber material, comprising a rope core (6) and a sheath (7) surrounding the rope core (6), characterized by the fact that the rope (3) comprises at least one antistatic multifilament yarn (5) or one antistatic monofilament which is provided in the rope core (6), in the sheath (7), in an intermediate sheath (8) located between the rope core (6) and the sheath (7) and / or in a reinforcement located between the rope core (6) and the sheath (7), wherein the antistatic monofilament or single filaments (12) of the antistatic multifilament yarn (5) each comprise a conductive fiber core (13) encased in a non-conductive plastic sheath (14), and wherein at least one antistatic multifilament yarn (5) or antistatic monofilament is twisted with a thread (16) or yarn made of another material, wherein said other material of the thread (16) or yarn is preferably UHMWPE or PES.

The invention discloses a textile fiber tension test device, and relates to the technical field of textile fiber testing, the textile fiber tension test device comprises a workbench, the top of the workbench is fixedly provided with a fixed frame, the top of the fixed frame is fixedly provided with a hydraulic cylinder, the movable end of the hydraulic cylinder is fixedly provided with a movable plate, and the textile fiber tension test device also comprises two rotating frames, the two rotating frames are symmetrically arranged between the movable plate and the workbench, the two rotating frames are rotationally connected with the workbench and the movable plate correspondingly, and through grooves are symmetrically formed in the two sides of the fixed frame in a penetrating mode; according to the technical scheme, fibers with different thicknesses can be reliably fixed, the fixing reliability of crude fibers is guaranteed, the fixing work of the fibers can be rapidly achieved, meanwhile, when fine fibers are positioned, the clamping force can be prevented from being too large, locking can be conducted immediately when the fine fibers slip in the fixing process, the fine fibers are evenly pressurized in the locking process, and the clamping effect is good. The damage to the fine fibers is avoided, and the test precision is ensured.

The invention relates to a computer-implemented method for optically characterizing a textile fiber structure. A plurality of pieces of information on the color at different locations of the textile fiber structure are detected by an optical sensor system. The detected color information is transmitted to a computer (107) and is entered into a color space (2) in the form of a scatter plot (31) by the computer. A frequency density distribution (4) of the scatter plot (31) is determined, and the frequency density distribution (4) is numerically specified. The invention allows a change in the material of the textile fiber structure to be ascertained and optimizes the elimination of foreign materials from the textile fiber structure.

The invention relates to textile fibres, and particularly, although not exclusively, to textile microfibres and / or textile nanofibres, and their conversion into carbon nanomaterials. The invention extends to methods for converting non-biodegradable textile micro- and nanofibres and micro- and nanoplastics into harmless, non-toxic and / or biodegradable / biocompatible end-products, and encompasses apparatus and / or reactors used to perform these methods.

The utility model discloses a textile fiber anti-winding device, and relates to the technical field of textiles. The anti-winding device comprises a base plate, an anti-winding assembly is arranged on the base plate, a column body in the anti-winding assembly is connected to the base plate, a connecting base is arranged on one side of the column body, discharging rods are connected to the side wall of the connecting base in an annular array mode, and supports are fixedly connected to the corners of the four side walls of the connecting base. A bolt in threaded connection with the side wall of the support is in threaded connection with the end of the column body, and through grooves are formed in the end of the column body in an annular array mode. A cleaning assembly is arranged in a placement groove formed in the middle of the end of the column body. According to the textile fiber anti-winding device, the anti-winding assembly is arranged, different textile fibers are effectively prevented from being mutually wound and knotted, the overall structure of the textile fiber anti-winding device is more compact, the occupied area is reduced, carrying and storage are convenient, the cleaning assembly is arranged, the use number of suction pumps is effectively reduced, and cost is reduced. And therefore, the electricity consumption of the textile fiber anti-winding device during working is reduced.

The invention relates to the technical field of intelligent packaging devices, in particular to an adjustable textile fiber chain type conveying device which comprises a fiber packaging pretreatment rack, a servo air cylinder is installed on the inner side of the fiber packaging pretreatment rack, and an output shaft of the servo air cylinder is fixedly connected with a bottom plate; a cotton feeding roller is arranged at the position, close to the middle, of the upper end of the bottom plate, a conveying mechanism used for regularly conveying textile fibers to a packaging procedure is installed on the inner side of the bottom plate, a clamping mechanism used for clamping the textile fibers is arranged at the front end of the bottom plate, a cylinder is arranged on the inner side of the fiber packaging pretreatment rack, and a feeding mechanism used for feeding the textile fibers is arranged on the cylinder. A first motor drives a threaded rod to drive a mounting block to move back and forth along an inlet area of a cotton feeding roller, and a CCD camera can perform global scanning on a fiber layer in cooperation with limiting and guiding of a guide rod; meanwhile, the directional airflow nozzle blows away the adhered thread ends, and the airflow direction and the camera view field form a set included angle, so that airflow interference detection is avoided.

The invention relates to the technical field of textile fibers, in particular to a solid kapok viscose fiber and a preparation method thereof. According to the solid kapok viscose fiber provided by the invention, the viscose fiber is modified by adopting active components of kapok, so that the solid kapok viscose fiber with an antibacterial effect is prepared. The solid kapok viscose fiber combines the advantages of the kapok and the viscose fiber, and has the advantages of light weight, good heat retention property, high antibacterial and acarus killing effect, good moisture absorption and quick drying property and strong mechanical property. The solid kapok viscose fiber provided by the invention overcomes the defects of poor antibacterial property, low fiber strength and low stability of common viscose fibers, and the solid kapok viscose fiber is remarkably superior to traditional viscose fibers in functionality, sustainability and application range; wide application prospects are realized in the fields of clothes, home textiles, industrial textiles, filling materials and the like.