391 results about "Chemical reduction" patented technology

The invention belongs to the technical field of electrolysis CO2 reduction, and discloses an electrocatalytic reduction system for preparing ethylene through electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide and application of the electrocatalytic reduction system. The electrocatalytic reduction system comprises a cathode, an anode and an electrolyte, wherein the cathode is prepared by uniformly mixing and dispersing a copper-based catalyst, liquid micromolecular alcohols and a Nafion solution to obtain slurry and then spraying the obtained slurry onto carbon paper; the electrolyte is KOH electrolyte containing a sucrose additive. The copper catalytic reaction interface is regulated and controlled through sucrose molecules, the enrichment concentration of reactants near the reaction interface and key intermediates generated by catalyzing C2H4 is remarkably improved, generation of C2H4 through subsequent C-C coupling reaction is promoted, the yield of C2H4 is remarkably improved, meanwhile, the raw material cost is low, and wide application prospects are achieved.

The invention discloses silver-coated copper powder and a preparation method thereof, and creatively provides a technology for preparing the silver-coated copper powder by combining a chemical reduction method and a replacement method through process innovation and optimization aiming at the defects in the prior art, namely, copper powder is pretreated by acid and ammonia water and then is mixed with a reducing agent; and then the reducing agent is adsorbed on the surface of the copper powder, so that the reduction reaction is limited on the surface of the copper powder, and a uniformly-coated compact silver layer is formed on the surface of the copper powder. And in the replacement and reduction process, the organic solvent is used as a medium for dispersing the copper powder, the situation that a large amount of reducing agent exists in a dispersion medium can be effectively avoided, and then the phenomenon that pure silver powder particles are formed due to independent nucleation of the silver powder is well avoided. The technological process is simple and easy to operate, and the comprehensive performance of the prepared silver-coated copper powder is basically equivalent to that of pure silver powder conductive silver paste.

The invention discloses a bimetallic composite catalyst of copper and rare earth, a preparation method of the bimetallic composite catalyst and application of the bimetallic composite catalyst in electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide. The preparation method of the bimetallic composite catalyst comprises the following steps: mixing copper salt and rare earth metal salt in water, adding ammonium carbonate and inorganic alkali into the mixture, stirring and reacting, and centrifuging, washing and drying the mixed solution to obtain a catalyst precursor; calcining the catalyst precursor to obtain the bimetallic composite catalyst, the Cu and rare earth bimetallic compound catalyst has the advantages of high current density, high selectivity, good system stability and long service life when being used for electrically reducing CO2. The catalyst has rich active sites, has a large surface area, can be fully contacted with an electrolyte and CO2, and can overcome the limitation of substance transfer. Selective output of methane or multi-carbon products is efficiently achieved by regulating and controlling the molar ratio of copper to rare earth elements, the partial current density of methane and the multi-carbon products reaches the industrialization level, and the catalytic effect is excellent.

The invention relates to a preparation method and application of a sandwich-structured gas diffusion electrode, and belongs to the fields of electrochemical catalysis, carbon dioxide utilization and renewable energy sources. According to the preparation method, a catalyst layer, a cation layer and a protective layer are prepared on a gas diffusion substrate in a layered manner; the catalytic layer, the cation layer and the protective layer respectively play roles in catalyzing CO2 reduction, adjusting the microenvironment, preventing cation leakage and the like. When applied, the sandwich-structured gas diffusion electrode GDE prepared by the method can be assembled on electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction modules such as a flow battery and a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) to carry out electrochemical reduction reaction of CO2, has high activity and high stability, and can avoid adding inorganic alkali metal cations into catholyte to inhibit hydrogen evolution side reaction. Based on the invention, GDE can be prepared through a microenvironment engineering means, and the performance of the electrochemical reduction reaction of carbon dioxide is improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of nano silver powder preparation, in particular to a preparation method of high-tap-density and high-purity silver powder. The problems that in the prior art, silver powder is insufficient in purity and low in tap density are solved. The method comprises the following steps: preparing silver nitrate into a solution, carrying out electrolytic pretreatment, and carrying out chemical reduction, coprecipitation and dissolution reduction to obtain a silver powder suspension; the silver powder suspension is subjected to physical vapor deposition, silver vapor is deposited on the surface of the silver powder under the action of argon, and silver powder particles are tightly arranged; preparing an electrolyte from silver nitrate and bismuth nitrate, and carrying out electrolytic refining; and finally, the high-tap-density high-purity silver powder is obtained through ultrasonic dispersion and supercritical fluid drying treatment. By strictly controlling the process sequence and parameters and utilizing the synergistic effect among the processes, impurities are effectively removed, the particle size distribution of nano silver powder particles is optimized, the purity and tap density of the nano silver powder are improved, and the application of the silver powder in conductive materials is optimized.

The invention discloses a preparation method and application of composite nanoparticles with a gold-silver core-shell structure, and aims to solve the problems that silver halide precipitates are generated on the surface of a silver core and the silver core is etched in the prior art. The thiourea solution is used for replacing a halogen-containing reagent, uniform epitaxial growth of gold on the surface of the silver core is mildly achieved, the gold-shell silver-core nanoparticles which are evenly wrapped and stable in structure are prepared, and the gold-shell silver-core nanoparticles are suitable for the fields of immunodetection and the like and are good in color development effect and low in cost. The method comprises the steps of preparing a gold salt solution, preparing gold nano-seeds, preparing silver nano-cores and generating gold-shell silver-core nano-particles through a chemical reduction reaction, and the problem that a core-shell structure grows unevenly is solved. When the method is applied to immunodetection, the material cost can be remarkably reduced, and a better color development effect can be achieved.

The invention discloses a microwave-assisted green micro-nano platinum powder preparation method and application thereof. The method comprises the following steps: a) preparing a platinum ion solution; b) adding a dispersing agent and a surfactant; c) adding a reducing agent; d) microwave heating reaction; e) separating and purifying a product; and f) drying: drying the product at low temperature to obtain the micro-nano platinum powder. Through microwave field enhanced mass transfer and nucleation kinetics, compared with a traditional chemical reduction method, the reaction efficiency is improved by 80% or above, high-temperature and high-pressure conditions are not needed, and the process energy consumption is reduced by about 60%. The obtained platinum nano-powder is excellent in dispersity, the specific surface area reaches 20-50 m < 2 > / g, and the platinum nano-powder shows high activity in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell catalyst. The method is suitable for continuous production, and an efficient solution is provided for application of the high-performance platinum-based material in the fields of catalysis, new energy and electronic devices.

The experimental equipment for chemical reduction of nitrate in seawater comprises a storage container, a quantitative disc, a reaction bottle, a stirring mechanism, a sealing opening and closing mechanism and a power pump, according to the experimental equipment, zinc particles stored in the storage container can be quantitatively added into the reaction bottle through the quantitative disc, and seawater is quantitatively injected into the reaction bottle through the power pump; the method comprises the following steps of: adding zinc particles into seawater, stirring the seawater and the zinc particles by using a stirring rod, quantitatively extracting a sample solution obtained after reaction by using a power pump, and automatically cleaning a reaction bottle by using the stirring rod, so that full-automatic operation of the reduction process of the nitrate in the seawater can be realized, the extraction efficiency of chemical reduction of the nitrate in the seawater can be improved, and the operation is simple and convenient. And the consistency of the data after multiple times of extraction is ensured.

The preparation method comprises the following steps: dissolving 2-methylimidazole, zinc nitrate, nickel nitrate and manganous nitrate in methanol in proportion to prepare a mixed solution, and stirring the mixed solution for 20-30 hours at the temperature of 20-35 DEG C; after the stirring is finished, carrying out solid-liquid separation, washing, drying and grinding the solid, and then pyrolyzing the ground powder in an inert atmosphere to obtain a catalyst; the catalyst is subjected to heating pickling, alcohol washing and water washing with a sulfuric acid solution and then dried, and the nickel-manganese diatomic catalyst is obtained. Nickel-manganese transition metal is used for doping zinc ZIF, nickel and manganese elements obtained after carbonization are in atomic-scale distribution in a carbon-nitrogen skeleton and are uniformly distributed, nickel-manganese diatomic electrochemical reaction activation sites are formed, and the catalyst has a porous structure and has high selectivity and high current density in preparation of CO through electrocatalytic reduction.

According to the high-sphericity superfine silver powder and the preparation method and application thereof, when the superfine silver powder is prepared through a chemical reduction method, a hydrothermal method is added for assistance, the crystal nucleus growth process of the silver powder is accurately controlled by adjusting parameters such as temperature and reaction time through the hydrothermal method, and the high-sphericity superfine silver powder is obtained. According to the method, the particle size and morphology are regulated and controlled, the superfine silver powder which is excellent in performance, uniform in particle size and high in sphericity degree and is used for preparing the conductive paste is prepared, and then the conductive paste prepared from the superfine silver powder with the high sphericity degree has excellent conductive performance.

Method of reducing carbon dioxide to form one or more hydrocarbon products, the method comprising: providing an electrochemical cell comprising: a working electrode comprising a copper composite comprising a copper nanosheet array comprising a plurality of copper nanosheets, wherein the plurality of copper nanosheets comprise copper(100) facets; a counter electrode; optionally a reference electrode; and an electrolyte solution comprising an electrolyte and CO2, wherein the electrolyte solution is between and in contact with the working electrode, the counter electrode, and optionally the reference electrode; and applying an electric current between the working electrode and the counter electrode resulting in electrolytic reduction of the CO2 thereby forming the one or more hydrocarbon products.

The invention discloses composite silver powder with a surface nano-coating structure and a preparation method of the composite silver powder. The composite silver powder comprises a micron-sized spherical silver powder core and a nano-silver shell layer coating the surface of the core, and the nano-silver shell layer comprises nano-silver particles making contact with one another; the D50 particle size of the core body is 1-2 microns, and the particle size D50 of the nano-silver particles is 10-100 nm; the composite spherical silver powder with micron-sized silver coated with nano-silver is prepared through a liquid phase chemical reduction method, the D50 particle size of the composite spherical silver powder is 1.67-1.70 microns, the tap density can reach 5.94 g / cm < 3 >, the specific surface area can reach 0.47 m < 2 > / g, and compared with micron-sized spherical silver powder of a single structure, the conductive performance of the silver powder can be improved by 32%, and the sintering activity is higher.

The invention relates to the technical field of molybdenum slag resource recycling, in particular to a molybdenum slag resource recycling method which comprises the following steps: performing crushing, washing and drying pretreatment on molybdenum slag; naCl, KCl and NaF serve as fused salt, the fused salt, the cathode and the anode form a fused salt electrochemical system, the pretreated molybdenum slag is added into the fused salt for an electrochemical reduction reaction, and molybdenum in the molybdenum slag is reduced and separated out at the cathode; washing the precipitated metal molybdenum, and drying to obtain Mo powder. Resourceful treatment of the molybdenum-containing solid waste residues is achieved by adopting a molten salt electrochemical reduction recovery mode, and molybdenum elements are efficiently recovered into a metal state from complex molybdenum residues through electrochemical selective reduction in a molten salt system.

The invention relates to the technical field of capacitor electrode material preparation, in particular to a sulfur-doped nickel-manganese layered double hydroxide electrode material, a preparation method and a capacitor, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: growing sulfur-doped nickel-manganese layered double hydroxide on foamed nickel by using a simple and feasible one-step hydrothermal method; oxygen vacancies are introduced into the electrode material through a safe and harmless chemical reduction method; wherein the layered double hydroxide has a relatively large specific surface area and rich active sites, so that permeation of electrolyte and diffusion of ions are facilitated; through combination of sulfur doping and oxygen vacancy, the electronic structure of the electrode material can be synergistically optimized, and the electrolyte adsorption capacity and the electronic conductivity of the electrode material are enhanced. The problems that in the prior art, due to the fact that transition metal layered double hydroxides are low in electric conductivity and poor in electron transmission efficiency, actual energy density and power density are low, and cycling stability is poor are solved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of preparation of low-dimensional nano composite materials, and discloses a simple and rapid preparation method of an MXene-noble metal composite nano material. The method is based on the principle of mild chemical reduction, meanwhile, the reduction capacity of lone pair electrons of MXene is utilized, and mild preparation of the MXene-precious metal composite nanomaterial can be achieved. Controllable preparation of different MXene-noble metal composite nanomaterials can be realized by flexibly adjusting the components of the noble metal precursor. Meanwhile, the used chemicals are few in variety and environment-friendly, and the principle of green chemical synthesis is combined.

The present invention provides a method for preparing silver-coated copper powder, which relates to the technical field of metal powder preparation. This preparation method directly prepares a copper core by chemical reduction method, then uses electroless plating method to grow a silver layer on its surface, and finally uses jet milling to improve the density of the powder. In the present invention, reducing agents with different reduction effects are added twice to reduce copper sulfate, which reduces the initial reaction rate, makes the whole reaction stable, and improves the sphericity of copper crystal nuclei. At the same time, sulfate radicals in the reaction system can form silver sulfate precipitation with silver ions in the subsequent reaction, further slowing down the reduction rate of silver ammonia complex ions and enabling the dense growth of the silver layer. At the same time, the unreacted completely glucose remaining in the reaction system can continue to reduce silver ammonia complex ions when silver ammonia solution is added dropwise later. By strictly controlling the growth rate of silver powder from crystal seeds to particles, the present invention reduces the structural defects caused by rapid growth and improves the performance of the final product.

In the present method and device for producing metal powders, an electrolyte solution is exposed to an electrochemical potential and ultrasonic vibrations in a thin-layer sonoelectrochemical cell with a sacrificial anode, and powder particle sizes are controlled by controlled limitation of the dwell time of electrolyte solution containing already-formed particles in the thin-layer sonoelectrochemical cell. Limitation of the dwell time within the thin-layer sonoelectrochemical cell is achieved by the continuous controlled circulation of electrolyte solution from a settling cell through the thin-layer sonoelectrochemical cell, in the process of which formed particles with predetermined sizes settle to the bottom of the settling cell. The powder production rate is 400 g / h or more. The production cost of the powder is of an order less than that of similar powders produced by chemical reduction, which is the most widely used technique to date, while production waste is several orders less.

The invention discloses an electrochemical decoupling type hydrogen sulfide waste gas treatment electrolytic hydrogen production method and system, and belongs to the field of electrolytic hydrogen production. Organic electrochemical proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) reaction is introduced into the decoupling type hydrogen sulfide assisted electrolytic hydrogen production process, and organic matter electric coupling agent molecules are used as carriers to promote proton-electron synergistic transfer; efficient H2S oxidation is realized; wherein the organic matter electric coupling agent which is subjected to electrochemical oxidation is cyclically transported into an external reactor and is subjected to chemical reduction regeneration with H2S in the sulfur-containing waste gas on the surface of a catalyst, so that reversible circulation of a PCET reactant is realized, and meanwhile, H2S is oxidized in the process to generate sulfur. The invention constructs a low-energy-consumption, efficient and stable new process route for hydrogen production by H2S oxidation and electrolysis, which takes bionic proton coupled electron transfer reaction to drive H2S chemical oxidation to cooperate with electrolysis hydrogen production as a basic principle, and provides a new scheme for continuously producing sulfur and simultaneously producing hydrogen for the chemical industry.

The invention discloses a method for preparing nano copper powder based on a microwave-assisted reduction method and application. The method comprises the following steps: a) preparing a copper ion solution; b) adding a dispersing agent and a surfactant; c) adding a reducing agent; d) microwave heating reaction; e) separating and purifying a product; and f) drying. According to the method, directional reduction and morphology regulation and control of copper ions are achieved through the synergistic effect of a microwave field and chemical reduction, the specific surface area of the obtained product reaches 25-35 m < 2 > / g, the oxygen content is lower than 0.8 wt%, and excellent performance is shown in the fields of electronic packaging and conductive ink; the method has the characteristics of short reaction time (shortened by 90% compared with the traditional method), low energy consumption (less than 0.5 kWh / kg), no harmful by-product and the like, and meets the requirements of green chemical industrial production.

The invention relates to the technical field of water treatment, in particular to a method for treating degradation-resistant organic pollution underground water based on a micro-interface strengthening technology. According to the technical scheme, the method comprises the steps that an underground water sample is collected and subjected to pollution characteristic analysis, composite material slurry is injected into a water-containing layer to construct an interface-enhanced in-situ reaction system, and the slurry is composed of nanoscale iron-based metal particles, graphene oxide derivatives, modified biochar, a surfactant and the like; meanwhile, a low-pressure gas injection system is arranged to form a micro-aerobic environment so as to improve the interface reaction efficiency, dominant microbial communities are synchronously injected, a slow-release carbon source carrier is added so as to strengthen the biological synergistic degradation effect, and the operation state of the system is regulated and controlled through multi-parameter monitoring. According to the method, a micro-interface synergistic system integrating physical adsorption, chemical reduction and biological metabolism is constructed, refractory organic pollutants such as aryl halide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in underground water can be efficiently and stably removed, and the method has the advantages of being high in remediation efficiency, high in operation stability and wide in environmental adaptability.

The invention discloses a PtTe-Co (OH) 2 core-shell catalyst as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of electrolyzed water catalysts. The morphology of the PtTe-coated Co (OH) 2 core-shell catalyst is in a sea cucumber-like shape, sea cucumber-like PtTe is used as a core, and amorphous Co (OH) 2 is used as a shell. The preparation method comprises the following steps: preparing sea cucumber-like PtTe by adopting a one-step wet chemical reduction method, and covering the surface of the PtTe with an amorphous Co (OH) 2 nano-sheet by adopting an in-situ growth method, so as to prepare the core-shell catalyst. The prepared PtTe-Co (OH) 2 core-shell catalyst has an excellent bifunctional characteristic, can drive an electrolyzed water reaction, and is simple in process, low in cost, safe in process, small in pollution and suitable for large-scale industrial production.

The invention discloses a high-dispersion rhodium-loaded defect-state black titanium dioxide photocatalyst, preparation and application thereof in preparation of propylene through photocatalytic methane conversion, and belongs to the technical field of methane photocatalytic conversion. The preparation method comprises the following steps: firstly, carrying out chemical reduction treatment on titanium dioxide, carrying out high-temperature calcination, and then washing, carrying out suction filtration and drying to obtain black titanium dioxide; carrying out hydrogen peroxide treatment on the titanium dioxide, and further modifying the surface structure of the titanium dioxide to obtain defect-state black titanium dioxide; and finally, mixing with a metal Rh precursor solution, and calcining to obtain the high-dispersion metal Rh loaded defect-state black titanium dioxide photocatalyst. The prepared catalyst has excellent light absorption capacity, energy from visible light to a near-infrared region (accounting for about 96% of solar energy) in sunlight can be fully utilized, efficient and selective conversion from methane to propylene is achieved under the conditions of low temperature and visible light irradiation, the propylene selectivity can reach 70% or above, and reaction activity far exceeding thermodynamic limitation is shown.

The invention provides a preparation method of silver-coated copper powder, and relates to the technical field of metal powder preparation. According to the preparation method, a copper core is directly prepared by adopting a chemical reduction method, then a silver layer is grown on the surface of the copper core by adopting a chemical plating method, and finally, the powder compactness is improved by adopting a jet mill polishing mode. The reducing agents with different reducing effects are added twice to reduce copper sulfate, so that the initial reaction rate is reduced, the whole reaction is stable, and the sphericity degree of copper crystal nucleus is improved; meanwhile, sulfate radicals in the reaction system and silver ions in the subsequent reaction can form silver sulfate precipitates, the reduction speed of silver-ammonia complex ions is further reduced, and the silver layer grows compactly; and meanwhile, the incompletely reacted glucose remained in the reaction system can be used for continuously reducing silver-ammonia complex ions when the silver-ammonia solution is subsequently dropwise added. By strictly controlling the growth speed of the silver powder from the seed crystal to the particles, the structure defects caused by rapid growth are reduced, and the performance of the final product is improved.

The invention discloses a sulfur-carbon integrated removal system and method, and belongs to the field of electrochemistry, the sulfur-carbon integrated removal system driven by proton circulation is constructed by competitively replacing anode electrochemical SO2 oxidation reaction through an organic matter electric coupling agent and combining electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction, and the system is used for deeply recovering low-grade SO2 oxidation reaction energy; cO2 electrochemical reduction is realized, and the electrolysis energy consumption in the whole process is reduced. According to the method, separation of SO2 chemical oxidation reaction and CO2 electrochemical reduction reaction in time and space is completed in principle in a spatial decoupling mode, the problem of CO2 catalyst poisoning caused by SO2 entering an electrochemical system is avoided, extra consumption of a electrochemical coupling agent is not needed, stable separation of sulfuric acid with lower cost and higher efficiency is facilitated, and the method is suitable for industrial production. And the design field of fossil energy clean utilization devices in the future is facilitated.

The invention relates to a gas diffusion cathode for anion exchange membrane water electrolysis hydrogen production and a preparation method of the gas diffusion cathode. The gas diffusion cathode is composed of a hydrophobic conductive substrate such as carbon paper or carbon cloth and the like and a catalytic layer, and the catalytic layer takes nickel-based non-noble metal powder and at least one of alloys or derivatives of the nickel-based non-noble metal powder and the alloys as catalytic active components. One or more of carbon powder, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, graphene, nano graphite powder and the like are used as conductive agents, and polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride or perfluorosulfonic acid resin is used as binding agents, so that the gas diffusion cathode is formed. According to the gas diffusion cathode for anion exchange membrane water electrolysis hydrogen production, nickel-based non-noble metal active components are deposited on a conductive substrate of a porous composite structure, the preparation process is simple, an electrode with a uniform catalyst can be obtained, and compared with the similar technology, the gas diffusion cathode has the obvious advantages of high catalyst utilization rate and high current density; the cathode is applied to various water electrolysis electrochemical reduction reactors or electrolytic tanks.

The invention discloses a preparation method of an iron-based cocatalyst modified bismuth vanadate photo-anode, which belongs to a photo-anode preparation technology and comprises the following steps: firstly, introducing oxygen vacancies to the surface of BiVO4 through chemical reduction by using a mild reducing agent sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) under a low-temperature condition by a simple chemical reduction method; the introduction of oxygen vacancies improves the charge transfer efficiency and the carrier separation efficiency. And then loading the NiFeOX nano thin layer on the surface of BiVO4, and optimizing the loading capacity of the cocatalyst by adjusting the reaction time. BiVO4 is cooperatively modified through oxygen vacancies and a cocatalyst NiFeOX. And a feasible strategy is provided for simply designing and preparing a high-performance and high-durability BiVO4-based photo-anode material.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a high-elasticity low-thermal-impedance graphene thermal interface material, which comprises the following steps: vertically dripping graphene oxide slurry on a substrate to form a graphene oxide gel array with a pre-oriented structure, and finally depositing the graphene oxide slurry on the surface to obtain the high-elasticity low-thermal-impedance graphene thermal interface material. And drying to obtain a graphene oxide film with certain vertical orientation inside, and carrying out chemical reduction foaming and high-temperature graphitization to obtain the thermal interface material. In the foaming process, oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of the graphene oxide are converted into gas, graphene sheets are expanded, physical crosslinking is formed at the edge lap joint positions of the graphene sheets due to the pi-pi conjugation effect, and a quadrilateral-like structure is formed. Compared with a horizontally formed graphene film, the material has the advantages that the proportion of the internal graphene sheets arranged along the vertical direction is higher, the horizontal heat conduction capability is improved, better compression resilience is provided, the thermal impedance is reduced, and the material has wide application potential in the field of thermal interface materials.

The present invention concerns a gas diffusion electrode for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide comprising an electrically conductive porous gas diffusion layer; at least one porous catalyst layer arranged adjacent to said gas diffusion layer, said at least one porous catalyst layer comprising a first porous catalyst layer comprising a copper-based first catalyst material, wherein said first porous catalyst layer comprises a mixture of said copper-based first catalyst material and a hydrophobic material, said porous catalyst layer being obtained from a precursor material which does not contain any ionomer; and an ionomer layer arranged adjacent to said at least one porous catalyst layer, said ionomer layer being obtained from a precursor material which does not contain any catalyst. The invention also concerns an electrochemical cell comprising such a gas diffusion electrode and a method for manufacturing such a gas diffusion electrode.

A system for deoxidizing metals that includes (a) a grinder configured to grind oxidized metallic material into an initial (preimpact) mixture of tiny oxidized metallic particles, suspended in water; (b) a preimpact separator configured to separate the particles into two groups based on their respective physical properties, one group being a preimpact mixture comprising the compound particles including oxidized metal; (c) a HIT-type kinetic impactor configured to generate a series of high voltage electrical discharges in water, thereby creating plasma explosions that both impact the particles suspended in water and, of those, electrochemically reduce the suspended oxidized metal particles into de-oxidized metallic particles; and (d) a postimpact separator configured to extract the reconstituted (deoxidized) metallic particles from the water solution.

A system and method for degrading and incinerating a fluorocarbon or fluorinated material, such as per- and / or polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), contained in water, such as ground water or leachate, with reduced emissions of gaseous PFC is provided. The method includes mixing the water, a hydroxide base, and optionally a solvent in a batch reactor to form a suspension. The PFAS and solvent can both be provided by the water, such as ground water or leachate. The reaction mixture is heated to a temperature ranging from about 25° C. to about 400° C. for at least about 0.5 hours to about 240 hours to defluorinate the corresponding PFAS fluorocarbons contained in the leachate water and produce a defluorinated waste product. The method can convert organic fluorine present in the PFAS within the water to inorganic fluoride. Thus, the defluorinated waste product can be incinerated with reduced emissions of harmful gaseous PFCs.