The invention relates to a method for modifying the surface of Vectran fiber coated with nano silicon dioxide sol through plasma treatment, which comprises the following steps: firstly, nano silicon dioxide is prepared into an organic solvent, a sol solution of water or a sol solution prepared by hybridization reaction of a precursor solution of organic-inorganic nano particles and silicon dioxide nano particles by the ultrasonic vibrating technology; secondly, the sol solution is coated on the surface of the fiber and dried; and thirdly, the dried Vectran fiber is placed on a plasma transport unit and a plasma is sprayed on substances to generate modification, wherein the treating power is between 10 and 15,000 watts, and the treatment time is between 0.5 and 300 seconds. The method can effectively improve the performance of the fiber, improves the molded manufacturability and the overall properties of composite materials of the fiber, has simple technology, quick processing speed, good treatment effect and low cost, is convenient to operate and difficult to cause environmental pollution, can reduce energy consumption, and is suitable for industrial production.