The invention discloses a pipeline outer wall omni-directional rapid detection robot, which comprises two guide rails, two moving trolley modules, two supporting wheel modules, a detection module and a control module, and is characterized in that the moving trolley modules and the supporting wheel modules are sequentially and alternately arranged at 90 degrees, and each moving trolley module comprises a trolley body and four wheels connected to two sides of the trolley body; the wheels are driven by a stepping motor, the stepping motor is connected with the wheels through a harmonic reducer, tires of the wheels are rubber tires, the detection module is installed on one guide rail, and the servo motor drives rolling wheels to drive the detection module to move on the guide rails. The device has the advantages of compact structure, compact and flexible, light weight, high integration, stable operation, high work efficiency and low cost, can be used in a narrow region, can comprehensively and systematically detect the condition of the outer wall of the pipeline, can normally work on magnetic-conducting and non-magnetic-conducting wall surfaces, can adapt to the sizes of the outer walls of different operation pipelines, has a wide application prospect, and is beneficial to popularization and application.