The invention relates to a heat treatment method for regulating and controlling a microstructure and a microhardness of a near-beta titanium alloy, which comprises the following steps: S1, selecting heat treatment raw materials, and carrying out cogging forging treatment on an alloy cast ingot to form a bar; S2, performing solid solution treatment, specifically, after a heat treatment furnace is heated to +/-50 DEG C near a titanium alloy beta phase transformation temperature of the bar, putting the bar in the heat treatment furnace to be subjected to heat preservation, then quenching the bar,thereby obtaining a sample with a large number of metastable beta phases; and S3, performing subsequent heat treatment, specifically, slowly heating the sample from the room temperature, introducingexternal elastic tensile stress or compressive stress in the heating process, and quenching after the sample reaches the preset temperature. Elastic stress fields act on the Ti-7333 alloy in the heattreatment process, so that refined regulation and control over the microstructure of the Ti-7333 alloy can be achieved, i.e., preferred orientation of an alpha precipitated phase is formed, and the effect of enhancing the microhardness of the near-beta titanium alloy Ti-7333 is achieved.