The invention discloses a device for detecting the heat preservation and insulation performance of a heat preservation and insulation material. The device structurally comprises an insertion pipe column block, an exhaust rotating cylinder, a trapezoidal table cover, a detection square box, a power distribution control cabinet, an observation window and a microwave armature tray. According to the invention, the cooperation of the detection square box and the microwave armature tray is realized; a thermal insulation material containing silicon-aluminum fibers is placed on an outer frame ring tray in a detection square box, so that the aluminum fibers are electromagnetically dragged by the armature block to form a composite board slot material electromagnetic field erecting and protecting effect that the fibers pull the silicon fibers; microwaves are released by electrifying the micro-wave bent frame rods to penetrate through the heat preservation and insulation material containing the silicon-aluminum fibers, and the detection of the molecular gap heat resistance and the material plastic surface is achieved, so the accuracy of the overall heat preservation and insulation performanceis improved, the material is effectively protected, loss in the detection process is avoided, the aluminothermic deformation quantity in the specific heat capacity is stabilized, and the effect of controlling the overall disc surface lifting heat drying fine adjustment coefficient is improved.