The invention belongs to the technical field of petroleum and natural gas development, and relates to an instantaneous negative pressure underbalanced drilling device and method. Drilling is realized by adding an instantaneous negative pressure underbalanced drilling device into the drill string, and the upper joint is driven by the upper drill string at a uniform clockwise speed. When rotating, the instantaneous negative pressure underbalanced drilling device vibrates upwards driven by the drill string, the ball blocks the annular drilling fluid channel, and the upper diversion fluid presses the annular drilling fluid in the sleeve flow channel to increase the pressure, while the lower diversion joint The annular drilling fluid in the flow channel reduces the pressure and forms an instantaneous negative pressure at the bottom of the well; when the drill string vibrates downward, the flow channel of the lower diversion joint opens, the annular drilling fluid circulates normally, and the upper diversion compresses the sleeve flow The annular drilling fluid in the channel and the lower diversion joint flow channel is connected, and the pressure recovery is equal; such circulation realizes instantaneous negative pressure underbalanced drilling; its structure is simple, easy to use, safe and reliable, does not consume drilling fluid energy, and does not affect drilling tools The structure, processing and manufacturing and use and maintenance costs are low.