The invention discloses a method for mutagenizing soybeans through heavy ion beam C irradiation, relates to a soybean breeding method, and aims to solve the technical problems of low mutation rate andfavorable mutation rate of an existing heavy ion beam irradiation method. The method comprises the following steps of 1, irradiating soybean seed hilum by adopting heavy ion beam carbon ions to obtain current-generation M0 seeds; 2, irradiating the current-generation M0 seeds by adopting the heavy ion beam carbon ions, and performing sowing to obtain a generation M1; 3, in spring of the second year, planting all M1-generation single plants in plant rows, harvesting, numbering and storing all variant single plants, and performing seed testing indoors; 4, in winter of the same year, performingharvesting, numbering and seed testing on strain single plants which are continuously separated from a generation M3; and 5, in spring of the third year, planting the single plants harvested from theM3 to obtain a generation M4, and selecting out a strain with excellent characters and stable inheritance to complete the process. According to the method, the mutation rate can be increased, offspring mutation materials are rich, multiple beneficial types are achieved, and excellent mutation characters such as high protein, lodging resistance, high yield and large grains can be screened out.