The invention relates to a method for three-phase extraction one-step separation of platinum, palladium and rhodium from leaching solution of a precious metal catalyst, which belongs to the technical field of solvent extraction and separation of the platinum, the palladium and the rhodium. The separation of the platinum, the palladium and the rhodium can be completed by adding hydrochloride, sulfate, nitrate or phosphate of sodium, potassium, lithium or ammonium into two non-polar and polar organic phases which can not be mixed and water solution containing the platinum, the palladium and the rhodium, and carrying out phase mixing under room temperature for obtaining a three-phase system. The separation of the platinum, the palladium and the rhodium can also be completed by adding a macromoleclar polymer and the hydrochloride, the sulfate, the nitrate or the phosphate containing the sodium, the potassium, the lithium or the ammonium into the water solution containing the platinum, the palladium and the rhodium according to proportion, further adding a non-polar organic solvent and carrying out the phase mixing under the room temperature for obtaining three phases. The method can simultaneously separate three phases of the platinum, the palladium and the rhodium with high separation selectivity from the failure extraction solution of a vehicle catalyst during the extraction process, and effectively simplify the existing lengthy and tedious two-phase extraction and separation process.