The invention discloses a water drop energy collection system and method based on the triboelectric effect. The system comprises a liquid drop spraying device, a rotary liquid drop generator and an external load circuit. The liquid drop spraying device comprises a water storage tank and an atomizing nozzle, and the atomizing nozzle sprays out atomized liquid drops. The rotary droplet generator comprises a generator shell, blades, supporting ribs, a concentric annulus electrode, a positive extraction electrode and a negative extraction electrode. The multiple blades are distributed outside thegenerator shell in the radial direction, the vaporific liquid drops are sprayed to the surfaces of the blades, and the plurality of blades are connected in series through circuits. The positive and negative electrodes after series connection are respectively connected with the positive extraction electrode and the negative extraction electrode, the concentric annulus electrode and the supporting ribs are installed in the generator shell, the positive extraction electrode, the negative extraction electrode and the concentric annulus electrode form an electric brush, and the external load circuit is electrically connected with the electric brush. According to the present invention, an electric field can be generated through the repeated impact of liquid drops or a piezoelectric effect, and the efficient power generation is achieved.