The invention discloses a system and a method for preparing ultra-high water filling materials by organic wastewater and industrial solid waste. The system comprises a wet pulverizer, a pressure filter, an equalizing basin, a rotary kiln and an indirect heat exchanger. Desulfurized gypsum, aluminum ash, carbide slag, coal gangue, iron tailings and part of the organic wastewater are mixed to obtain mixed solution, the water content of the mixed solution is 60%-70% (mass), the mixed solution is pulverized by a wet process, wet pulverized materials are equalized to obtain slurry, the slurry is mechanically pressed, filtered and dewatered to obtain paste, the other part of the organic wastewater is concentrated, then enters the rotary kiln together with the paste and calcined at high temperature to obtain base materials, pulverized coal is sprayed into the rotary kiln in the high-temperature calcining process, so that the pulverized coal and organic matters in the mixed paste are burnt, and finally, the base materials, accelerators, dispersants, expanding agents and water are prepared into the ultra-high water filling materials. The system and the method can be used for preparing the novel ultra-high water filling materials by reusing the industrial solid waste.