The invention provides a method for detecting chiral compound based on aptamer modified nanogold. The method is characterized by specifically comprising the following steps: step 1, preparing a gold nanoparticle solution; step 2, preparing at least one of an S-ibuprofen aptamer and an R-ibuprofen aptamer; and step 3, by taking the S-ibuprofen aptamer as a recognition probe of S-ibuprofen, mixing the gold nanoparticle solution, S-ibuprofen aptamer solution, sodium chloride solution and S-ibuprofen standard solution, making the volume constant, reacting for 30 minutes, detecting the light absorption values A650 and A520 of the detection system at 650nm and 520nm by virtue of an ultraviolet spectrophotometer, and obtaining a standard curve by taking the ibuprofen concentration as a horizontal coordinate and taking the A650 / A520 as a vertical coordinate; and detecting the S-ibuprofen concentration in a to-be-detected sample by utilizing the standard curve. The method disclosed by the invention can be finished in a short time, qualitative and quantitative detection results are obtained, the method has the advantages of high specificity, high stability, wide application range, low cost and the like, and the conventional application of chiral recognition is easily popularized.