The invention discloses a conveyor belt wear repair treatment structure and a repair treatment method. The repair treatment structure is a layered structure, and comprises an outer protective film layer, an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene outer layer and an ethylene-propylene-diene monomer bottom layer from outside to inside in sequence. The repair treatment method adopts a local cold repairing mode, and comprises the following steps: a, cleaning and drying the position and the periphery to be repaired of a conveyor belt; b, cutting off surface rubber at a damaged position along the edge of the damaged position of the conveyor belt; c, roughening the cut edge, and cleaning; d, accurately cutting a repairing material according to the cutting size and thickness, roughening, and cleaning; and e, coating the surface required to be repaired of the conveyor belt and the bottom surface of the ethylene-propylene-diene monomer bottom layer of the repairing material with a cold repairing adhesive, and fitting and compacting the surface required to be repaired of the conveyor belt and the bottom surface of the ethylene-propylene-diene monomer bottom layer of the repairing material. According to the conveyor belt wear repair treatment structure and the repair treatment method, the problems, such as wear, scratches, breakage, overlapped part cracking and the like, of the conveyor belt can be effectively solved; and the conveyor belt wear repair treatment structure and the repair treatment method has the characteristic of quick repair on site.