78results about How to "Use less components" patented technology

The invention discloses a small-size beam controllable patch antenna based on a reconfigurable parasitic element, and the antenna comprises an E-shaped main radiation patch, a left parasitic patch anda right parasitic patch. Through employing a CSRR structure, the antenna reduces the electrical length of a parasitic patch, and facilitates the miniaturization of the parasitic patch. A PIN diode isadded to CSRR structure for providing different DC bias voltages, thereby enabling a single parasitic element to work at two states: a director and a reflector. The combination of different states ofthe left and right parasitic elements can enable the main lobe direction of a radiation beam of the antenna to be switched among 0 degree, -30 degree, and 30 degrees, thereby achieving the beam controllable performance of the antenna, and effectively enlarging the beam scanning range of the antenna. The antenna employs the coaxial feed E-shaped main radiation patch and introduces an air layer structure between two dielectric substrates, thereby effectively enlarging the work bandwidth of the antenna. The antenna is high in gain, is high in front-to-rear ratio, and is low in profile.

The invention discloses a PLC output circuit with overcurrent protection. The PLC output circuit is connected with an external load and a power unit and comprises a switch control circuit and an overcurrent protection circuit, wherein the switch control circuit and the overcurrent protection circuit are sequentially connected. The overcurrent protection circuit comprises an overcurrent detection circuit, a locking circuit, an and gate circuit, a switching tube and a detection resistor, wherein the switching tube and the detection resistor are connected between the external load and the power unit in series. The PLC output circuit has the advantages that the overcurrent protection circuit is arranged, the switching tube Q with lower power can be selected, and therefore the cost is lowered, and the switching speed can be increased; when a short circuit or overcurrent occurs and a voltage value detected by the overcurrent detection circuit is larger than a reference voltage, the locking circuit locks output, and therefore the switching tube Q is controlled to be disconnected, and the purpose of overcurrent protection can be achieved; the number of adopted components is small, the structure is simple and the cost is low.

The invention relates to a switch power magnetic isolation reactive circuit for a feeding back output voltage error signal. The invention provides a switch power magnetic isolation reactive circuit for a feeding back output voltage error signal, comprising an output voltage comparison unit, a magnetic isolation feedback unit and a rectifier unit, wherein the output voltage comparison unit is usedfor sampling, comparing and compensating output voltage Vout of a DC / DC switch power supply, thus obtaining an output voltage error signal; the magnetic isolation feedback unit is used for chopping the output voltage error signal obtained by the output voltage comparison unit, thus obtaining a pulse square wave signal; furthermore, the magnetic isolation feedback unit can send the signal to a primary side by a magnetic feedback transformer; the rectifier unit is used for carrying out half-wave rectifying on the pulse square wave signal obtained by the magnetic isolation feedback unit, thus obtaining feedback voltage Vfb and outputting the feedback voltage Vfb to a primary side control chip so as to realize the closed ring controlling on the output voltage. The switch power magnetic isolation reactive circuit has the benefits that a circuit is simple, few elements are adopted, the application scope is wide, and the switch power magnetic isolation reactive circuit can be widely applied to the application in which the magnetic isolation feedback is required and has strong radiation resistance and strong interference resistance.

The invention discloses a shaping method and a circuit for a photoelectricity code circuit output signal. The method includes: adding a photoelectricity code circuit output signal shaping circuit between a photoelectricity code circuit and a double-frequency counter; eliminating a shaking signal of an output end of the photoelectricity code circuit, and obtaining an effective counting signal which is output through the photoelectricity code circuit. According to the shaping method and the circuit for the photoelectricity code circuit output signal, only a simple logic gate circuit which is composed of a phase inverter manifold block, an exclusive-or gate manifold block, two D trigger manifold blocks, two resistors and two capacitors is used to improve counting accuracy of the photoelectricity code signal with the shaking, and measurement of the photoelectricity code signal to be easy and reliable. The shaping method and the circuit for the photoelectricity code circuit output signal has the advantages of being less in used components and small in size of the circuit, and is suitable for operating conditions that subsurface equipment is small in size and working environment is terrible.

The invention discloses a signal conditioning circuit for a remote monitoring system of a distribution transformer. The signal conditioning circuit comprises an acquired signal input line (1), a first resistor (R1), a second resistor (R2), a first capacitor (C1), a follow-up amplifying circuit and a conditioning signal output line (2), wherein the two ends of the second resistor (R2) are connected with the acquired signal input line (1) and the input end of the follow-up amplifying circuit respectively; the conditioning signal output line (2) is connected with the output end of the follow-up amplifying circuit; one end of the first resistor (R1) is connected to the acquired signal input line (1), and the other end of the first resistor (R1) is grounded; and one end of the first capacitor (C1) is connected to a circuit between the second resistor (R2) and the input end of the follow-up amplifying circuit, and the other end of the first capacitor (C1) is grounded. Due to the adoption of the signal conditioning circuit, high-frequency signals in acquired signals can be filtered, spectrum aliasing and high-frequency interference of signals can be prevented, and correct judgment of a controller of the monitoring system is prevented from being influenced by high-frequency signals.

The invention discloses a cell reversal-connection protection circuit. The cell reversal-connection protection circuit includes a triode, a filed effect transistor, a first diode, a second diode, a first resistor, a second resistor, a third resistor and a forth resistor. In the cell reversal-connection protection circuit, the connection poles of a cell are judged directly through a pole judgment circuit connected in parallel at cell ends and then switch-on and switch-off of the field effect transistor is driven and thus a reversal-connection protection function is realized. The cell reversal-connection protection circuit is simple and rapid to form, small in number of used elements, low in power consumption and high in reliability.

The invention relates to a digital anti-reversal circuit for an escalator, and the digital anti-reversal circuit provided by the invention is used for solving the problems that the detection principle adopted by the escalator anti-reversal circuit in the prior art is related with the motor speed, and the control logic is not complete, so that the escalator cannot be started, an auxiliary circuit is required for supplement, the circuit is more complicated, and the cost is increased. The digital anti-reversal circuit comprises a signal generation module, a signal processing module, a counting module and an execution module which are connected in sequence, wherein the execution module is connected with an escalator safety chain circuit. In the anti-reversal circuit, whether the escalator motor is in a speed-reducing state or not is detected, if the motor is in a speed-reducing state, the escalator has a reversing trend, and the safety chain is disconnected to stop the escalator. The digital anti-reversal circuit for the escalator has the advantages that a digital circuit is adopted, so that the circuit structure is simpler, used elements are fewer, and the production cost is reduced;the detection principle of the anti-reversal circuit is not related with the motor speed, so the problem that the escalator cannot be started is solved, and the auxiliary circuit is omitted; the digital anti-reversal circuit does not require to be tuned one by one, so the reliability is better.

The present invention relates to an end cover plate which is used in a plurality of magnetic bodies which are fixedly arranged around the peripheral wall of a rotating shaft. The surface of the end cover plate is provided with a plurality of slots, which are concave from the edge in the radial direction and correspond to the magnetic bodies. And the end cover plate is used for correspondingly fixing the ends of the magnetic bodies, so as to fix the magnetic bodies on the rotating shaft. In addition, the present invention also provides a motor rotor with the end cover plate.

The invention provides a step-down circuit, comprising N stages of charging and discharging circuits, two stages of switching tubes, an output capacitor C0, an input positive pole VIN+, an input negative pole VIN-, an output positive pole Vo+, an output negative pole Vo-, and N is a natural number more than or equal to 2; the N stages of charging and discharging circuits are used for enabling an input voltage to be subjected to 1 / N step-down; the switching tubes alternately work, so that the N stages of charging and discharging circuits perform series charging when a first-stage switching tubeis on and a second-stage switching tube is off and perform N-stage parallel discharging when the first-stage switching tube is off and the second-stage switching tube is on, and the output capacitoris charged, so that the 1 / N step-down of the input voltage is realized; meanwhile, circuit structure is simple, step-down can be realized without using a high-power transformer, the efficiency is high, and the size is small.

A no-voltage-type electronic touch switch comprises a bridge rectifier circuit, a switch circuit, a pulse trigger circuit, a pulse inhibiting circuit, a human body touch circuit and a direct-current voltage stabilizing circuit. A non-voltage detection and output circuit is inserted between the pulse trigger circuit and the pulse inhibiting circuit. When the switch is just triggered and turned on or is under a conducting state, the electronic touch switch can guarantee that in any state, the switch is always under ideal conditions including a non-voltage conducting state or under a non-current off state. The electronic touch switch can be used as a wall switch or a remote-control switch or a corridor lamp delay switch.

The invention relates to a wireless digital electric field strength monitoring sensor which consists of a shell body, a power supply circuit, an electric field effect element, an amplifier circuit, an impedance conversion circuit, a quantity value judgment circuit, a power supply control circuit, a PCB (Printed Circuit Board), a singlechip computer circuit, a wireless communication module circuit and an antenna, wherein the power supply circuit, the electric field effect element, the amplifier circuit, the impedance conversion circuit, the quantity value judgment circuit, the power supply control circuit, the PCB, the singlechip computer circuit and the wireless communication module circuit are mounted in the shell body, and the antenna is mounted outside the shell body. The wireless digital electric field strength monitoring sensor has the advantages that the monitoring sensor can detect whether high-voltage equipment is charged or not, can detect the voltage level of a charged body, and can realize lightning and surge discrimination.. The monitoring sensor is small in volume and can be mounted on equipment to be detected without influencing the service function of the equipment to be detected; and the monitoring sensor has another advantage of simple structure, and the number of elements in use is less, so that the manufacturing cost of the sensor is reduced.

The invention provides a high-power LED lamp control circuit, which relates to the field of lamps, in particular to the control technical field of using a high-power LED as a light source. The high-power LED lamp control circuit comprises an alternating current voltage rectification filter circuit, a switch voltage transformation circuit, a pulse width modulation control circuit, a feedback control circuit and a secondary rectification filter circuit. The high-power LED lamp control circuit has the advantages of voltage stabilization, current stabilization, automatic protection for short circuit and open circuit, power supply temperature protection, simple production process, fewer using elements and convenient connecting and plugging, is particularly suitable for illumination control of high-power LED lamps, not only can play the light efficiency of LED lamps to the maximum extent, but also can effectively control the heating of the LED lamps and light decay.

The present invention provides a piezoelectric acceleration sensor signal conversion circuit excited by a current source, comprising a bias voltage module and a signal conversion regulation module. The circuit provided by the invention has a self-reference voltage provided by a precise voltage source, and the self-reference voltage is divided by a resistor so as to generate a quiescent operating point of an insulated gate field-effect tube; and alternating quantities of electric charges are overlaid on the quiescent operating point, the electric charges are changed to current through the insulated gate field-effect tube, and voltage signals corresponding to the alternating electric charges are obtained through conversion of the resistor. With good stability of the temperature, simple structure of the circuit, few elements and low cost, the circuit provided by the invention is easy to regulate the quiescent operating point of the conversion circuit, may work without impressed voltage sources, and is provided with the same interface and only two wires for inputting and outputting signals, therefore facilitating to connect with external circuits and improving the reliability. Moreover, the current signals flow within the interface so as to be used for a long distance measurement, therefore having a great extensive value in use.

The present invention provides an output model for controlling simulation thermal resistance through a servo motor and an operation method thereof. The servo motor drive circuit in the model is connected between a single chip microcomputer and a servo motor. The servo motor is connected to a precision potentiometer through a coupler. One end of a feedback circuit is connected to the output end of the precision potentiometer, and the other end is connected between the single chip microcomputer and a sampling resistor. The method comprises the steps of (1) allowing the precision potentiometer and the sampling resistor to be in series connection, (2) calculating the actual output resistance Rout of the output model, (3) outputting a pulse signal to the servo motor drive circuit, and the servo motor is driven to rotate. Compared with the prior art, according to the output model and the operation method provided by the invention, the defects of discontinuous output resistance, poor output precision, output resistance non-linear change and poor anti-interference ability are overcome, and the requirement of verifying an intelligent component according to the resistance output model is satisfied.

The invention discloses a hydraulic control system for a scooptram. The hydraulic control system comprises a braking loop which is subjected to oil supply through a right pump of a duplex gear pump and a steering loop which is subjected to oil supply through a left pump of the duplex gear pump, wherein the braking loop or the steering loop is also connected with a backup oil supply branch circuit; the backup oil supply branch circuit is controlled by an electromagnetic reversing valve to alternatively supply oil to the braking loop and the steering loop; the input end of the electromagnetic reversing valve is connected to a part behind a gathering point between the backup oil supply branch circuit and the braking loop or connected to a part behind a gathering point between the backup oil supply branch circuit and the steering loop; and one of two output ports of the electromagnetic reversing valve is connected with the input port of a steering control valve of the steering valve, and the other output port of the electromagnetic reversing valve is connected with the braking loop. According to the hydraulic control system, only one electric hydraulic pump is needed to supply oil to a brake and a steering oil cylinder, so that the technical shortcoming that the scooptram cannot be quickly started and steered at the same time in the prior art when the hydraulic system fails is overcome.

The invention relates to an electric wheel mining dump truck, in particular to a power control system of a new energy electric wheel mining dump truck. The defects and problems existing in an electricwheel mining dump truck which adopts a diesel generator set to provide power are solved. The power control system of the new energy electric wheel mining dump truck comprises a lithium battery, a hydrogen fuel cell engine, a direct-current bus, a first DC / DC triple chopper, a second DC / DC triple chopper and a third DC / DC triple chopper, wherein the lithium battery and the hydrogen fuel cell engine are respectively connected in parallel with the direct-current bus; the first DC / DC triple chopper takes power from the direct-current bus and supplies power to an armature winding of the first DC motor; the second DC / DC triple chopper takes power from the direct-current bus and supplies power to the armature winding of the second DC motor, and the third DC / DC triple chopper takes power from thedirect-current bus and supplies power to the excitation windings of the first DC motor and the second DC motor. The power control system adopts a hydrogen fuel engine and lithium battery hybrid energy system to replace the diesel generator set to provide power.

The invention discloses an agricultural adjustable high voltage static generator, which is composed of an input low voltage adjustable circuit, a high voltage module and a voltage feedback circuit. The input low voltage adjustable circuit is achieved by a voltage stabilizing circuit and an initial voltage adjustable circuit. The magnitude of output voltage can be changed by changing tap positions of digital potentiometers RP1 and RP2. The digital potentiometer RP1 performs large step adjustment of the output voltage, and the digital potentiometer RP2 performs small step adjustment of the output voltage. The initial voltage adjustable circuit sets initial voltage by adjusting the tap position of a rheostat RP, so as to maintain the initial voltage of the output voltage within the range of 0-5000V. The voltage feedback circuit keeps the output voltage stable. The high voltage output is connected with a charging electrode. The invention meets requirements for voltage for obtaining the same biological effect by different crops in electrostatic spraying, achieves sectional adjustment of voltage output, and does not require a special control chip. The circuit structure is simple, a few components are needed, the overall dimension is small, and the weight is light.

The invention discloses a three-port flyback photovoltaic grid-connected micro-inverter with a power decoupling circuit, and a modulation method. The three-port flyback photovoltaic grid-connected micro-inverter comprises a three-port flyback conversion circuit, a full-bridge inverter circuit and an output filtering circuit, wherein a set of primary windings of the three-port flyback conversion circuit is connected with the novel power decoupling circuit to form a third port for realizing power decoupling, thereby effectively suppressing low frequency fluctuations on a DC bus and reducing thecapacitance of a decoupling capacitor, therefore, a thin film capacitor with long life and low capacitance is used instead of an electrolytic capacitor in the prior art. The three-port flyback photovoltaic grid-connected micro-inverter has the advantages of ensuring the life and reliability of the inverter, facilitating the realization of maximum power point tracking (MPPT), and improving the conversion efficiency of the inverter; meanwhile, the proposed decoupling circuit has simple structure, and only uses a switching tube and a capacitor, thereby reducing the cost and size of the inverter.

The invention discloses a PWM (pulse width modulation) based servo system which comprises a triangular wave generator, a pulse width modulation circuit, a D / A (digital / analog) input passage, a speed feed-forward unit, a drive amplifying circuit and an actuating mechanism. Output ends of the triangular wave generator, the D / A input passage and the speed feed-forward unit are connected with an input end of the pulse width modulation circuit, an output end of the pulse width modulation circuit is connected with an input end of the drive amplifying circuit, and an output end of the drive amplifying circuit is connected with an input end of a torque motor. The PWM based servo system has the advantages that the quality of devices of the system is small, and the system is simple in principle, high in reliability and universality, and can be applied to various power control systems widely.

The invention discloses a pre-amplification electric circuit used for an infrared alarm. The pre-amplification electric circuit used for the infrared alarm comprises a first resistor, a second resistor, a third resistor, a fourth resistor, a fifth resistor, a sixth resistor, a seventh resistor, an eighth resistor, a ninth resistor, a tenth resistor, an eleventh resistor, a first capacitor, a second capacitor, a third capacitor, a fourth capacitor, a fifth capacitor, a first operational amplifier, a second operational amplifier, a third operational amplifier, a fourth operational amplifier and a direct-current power supply, wherein the second resistor, the third resistor, the second capacitor and the first operational amplifier form a first-level amplification circuit, the fourth resistor, the fifth resistor, the sixth resistor, the seventh resistor, the third capacitor, the fourth capacitor and the second operational amplifier form a second-level amplification circuit, and the eighth resistor, the ninth resistor, the tenth resistor, the third operational amplifier and the fourth operational amplifier form a voltage comparison circuit. The pre-amplification electric circuit used for the infrared alarm is good in low-frequency characteristic and is high in amplification gain for low-frequency weak signals output by an infrared detector. The pre-amplification electric circuit can effectively restrain noise, is high in anti-noise-interference ability, is simple in structure and uses few components.

The invention provides a method of delayed turn-off after ignition shutdown of car-mounted equipment. According to the method, when a car ignition (ACC) power supply has power, the equipment can normally work, and when the ignition (ACC) power supply runs out of power, the equipment can be automatically stopped after work is delayed for a period of time. According to the method, the existing defect that after the ignition (ACC) power supply is turned off, the car-mounted equipment powers down instantly is overcome, circuit design is easy, use elements are few, the power-down time of the equipment can be delayed according to the equipment demand, the work delay time can be easily set through the procedure, certain storing and taking demands of the equipment are ensured, and the equipment damage risk caused by sudden power-down can be avoided.

The invention provides an ultrasonic wave emitting circuit and belongs to the application systems of ultrasonic probes with split receiving and transmitting and ultrasonic probes with integrated receiving and transmitting. The ultrasonic wave emitting circuit comprises a capacitor C1, a capacitor C2, 2n switch tubes (from the switch tube K1 to the switch tube K2n), n ultrasonic probes (from the ultrasonic probe JZ1 to the ultrasonic probe JZn), an electronic switch 1 selecting one from n and an electronic switch 2 selecting one from n, wherein n is a positive integer larger than or equal to 1. The circuit structurally comprises a capacitance bridge and n switch bridges. When the circuit emits ultrasonic wave outwards, only one switch bridge works at one moment, the two switch tubes in the switch bridge constitute a circuit structure with a push-pull output function, the switch tubes in the other switch bridge are switched off, a circuit structure with a high-resistance output function is formed, and the two electronic switches selecting one from n achieve selection of ultrasonic probes.

The invention discloses an anti-reverse connection system and method applied to battery management unit equalization channels. The anti-reverse connection system comprises a first interface, a second interface and a field-effect tube, wherein the first interface comprises a first anode and a first cathode; the second interface comprises a second anode and a second cathode; the first anode is connected with the second anode; a grid electrode of the field-effect tube is connected with the first anode, a drain electrode of the field-effect tube is connected with the first cathode, and a source electrode of the field-effect tube is connected with the second cathode. The anti-reverse connection system is controlled by adopting the switching characteristic of the field-effect tube, so that an anti-reverse connection circuit is realized; next, the circuit loss of the part is reduced by using voltage control of the field-effect tube and the characteristic of small on resistance; and then, bidirectional flow of current is realized by using the characteristic of bidirectional conduction after the field-effect tube is connected, and the anti-reverse connection system is applicable to bidirectional equalization channels of battery packs. The anti-reverse connection system can be widely applied to various bidirectional current anti-reverse connection circuit systems.

A suspension-type resistance spot welder connection cable real-time on-line monitoring method and a device for the same belong to a metal welding technology field. The invention is based on the Ohm Law, and the purpose of real-time detection is realized through carrying out real-time on-line monitoring welding current and cable pressure drop and then through analog-digital conversion with high precision and high frequency carried out by a microcomputer and accurate calculation; by using the method and the device provided in the invention, damage can be discovered timely when suspension-type resistance spot welder cable begins to damage; alarm can be carried out timely, and the operator can be informed to replace the cable. A few elements are used in a circuit of the invention, and the method and apparatus provided by the invention are advantaged in low cost and adaptability to different welding standards, and the volume of the device in the invention can be further made compact. The device is convenient for installation and can be further added in the condition of not changing a current spot welding controller. A workpiece reject rate is reduced, and good economic benefits are bought out. By using the method and the device provided in the invention, spot welding parameter network monitoring can be realized in welding-assembly workshops, or a portable measuring device can be made by using the method and the device to improve product quality of automobile welding and management level of automobile welding workshops.

The invention provides a DC power supply micro-current starting circuit, comprising a current-limiting circuit, an energy storage circuit and a negative resistance switch. The current-limiting circuitlimits the current of a high-voltage DC power supply to obtain a micro current. The energy storage circuit stores the micro current. The negative resistance switch is switched on when the voltage inthe energy storage circuit reaches a set value, and is switched off when the current flowing through the negative resistance switch is lower than the holding current of the negative resistance switch.The DC power supply micro-current starting circuit which is formed by connecting the current-limiting resistor, the energy storage capacitor and the negative resistance switch in series, is simple instructure, uses fewer components, and generates loss only when a DC power converter is started.

The invention discloses a voltage stabilization module for pipe monitoring. The voltage stabilization module comprises an NPN triode, a first resistor, a first capacitor and a voltage stabilization tube, wherein a collector and an emitter of the NPN triode are connected with a voltage signal input circuit and a voltage signal output circuit respectively. The two ends of the first resistor are connected with the voltage signal input circuit and a base of the NPN triode respectively, one end of the first capacitor is connected to a circuit between the first resistor and the base of the NPN triode, and the other end of the first capacitor is in ground connection. A cathode of the voltage stabilization tube is connected to the circuit between the first resistor and the base of the NPN triode, and an anode of the voltage stabilization tube is in ground connection. A voltage stabilization function can be implemented through the first resistor and the NPN triode. The voltage stabilization module is simple in integral structure, used elements are fewer, the cost is low, and thus the voltage stabilization module is favorable for popularization and application of a pipe safety monitoring terminal formed by the voltage stabilization module.

The invention discloses an RFID technology based electric window curtain circuit. The RFID technology based electric window curtain circuit comprises an AC power supply, a button, RFID label buttons, a transformer, an indicator light, a rectifier, a resistor, a first capacitor, a second capacitor, a first relay, a second relay, a first travel switch, a second travel switch and a motor. The electric window curtain circuit needs few elements, and is high in reliability, and convenient to operate; one button is generally used to control a window curtain to open and close; when the window curtain is opened and closed in place, the 220V AC power is automatically cut off by the circuit, so that the economy and safety are ensured; another button can be used for enabling the window curtain to be stopped in any position as requirement; meanwhile, the RFID technology is carried out, and therefore, the electric window curtain can be controlled without manually pressing the button to open and close, and as a result, both time and force can be saved, and the practicability is ensured.

The invention discloses an excavator boom energy-saving system based on a combined type energy-saving hydraulic cylinder. The system is characterized in that: an original hydraulic system of an excavator is transformed into the excavator movable arm energy-saving system with an energy-saving effect on the basis of a combined type energy-saving hydraulic cylinder structure. The system mainly comprises a hydraulic pump power output part, a reversing valve group part, a control part, a hydraulic cylinder group part, a hydraulic energy-saving system data transmission part, a linear mechanical node, an excavator FMU module and a movable arm energy-saving part. Energy is recycled when a movable arm descends, and energy is reutilized when the movable arm ascends; and the FMU module in the system can perform joint simulation on the system and an external excavator kinetic model. A certain energy-saving effect can be achieved without large-scale modification on an original hydraulic system and a movable arm structure, and a certain engineering application value is achieved.

The invention relates to an acrylic resin powder composition. The powder composition comprises glycidyl acrylate resin, a curing agent, a leveling agent and a functional nano-filler, and the mass of the functional nano-filler used in the invention is 0.1-1% of the mass of the glycidyl acrylate resin used in the invention. The invention also provides an acrylic resin coating. The coating is a product obtained through carrying out melt extrusion on the acrylic resin powder composition, crushing and sieving the extruded powder composition, and spraying and curing the sieved powder composition. The obtained acrylic resin coating has the characteristics of high hardness, high glossiness, high wear resistance, no discharge of volatile organic compounds, and environmental protection.