The invention discloses a near field backward RCS measuring system and method based on a chain relation formula; the method uses a line source vertical to the ground to form cylindrical waves, and a cylindrical surface field satisfies far field conditions only in the height direction; in order to reduce side wall interference clutters, a conical microwave darkroom is designed; the cylindrical surface field rear wall echo level is smaller than a compact field by 10dB, thus setting the darkroom door in the rear wall, and facilitating target transport. The invention provides a near field RCS measuring radar system comprising a target and environment portion, a microwave amplitude and phase measuring portion, and a NFFFT and high resolution imaging portion; the invention also provides a near field RCS measuring method comprising the following steps: support and environment vector background cancellation, measuring near field scattering coefficient FN scaling, and secondary scaling of the NFFFT and in a NFFFT process. The advantages are that 1, NFFFT transformation is simplified from two-dimension into one-dimension; 2, multi-diffraction in the horizontal direction of the target will cause errors; 3, interference clutters caused on the darkroom ground, roof slits and steps can be reduced.