96 results about "Electrophile" patented technology

The present invention includes compositions and methods of making an activated polymeric nanoparticle for targeted drug delivery that includes a biocompatible polymer and an amphiphilic stabilizing agent non-covalently associated with a spacer compound that includes at least one electrophile that selectively reacts with any nucleophilic on a targeting agent and places the targeting agent on the exterior surface of a biodegradable nanoshell, wherein an active agent is loaded with the nanoshell.

The present invention is a, solid block copolymer comprising at least two polymer end blocks A and at least one polymer interior block B wherein each A block is a polymer block resistant to lithiation and each B block is a polymer block susceptible to lithiation, and wherein said A and B blocks do not contain any significant levels of olefinic unsaturation. Preferably, each A block comprising one or more segments selected from polymerized (i) para-substituted styrene monomers not having hydrogen on a para benzylic carbon center, (ii) ethylene, (iii) alpha olefins of 3 to 18 carbon atoms; (iv) hydrogenated 1,3-cyclodiene monomers, (v) hydrogenated monomers of conjugated dienes having a vinyl content less than 35 mol percent prior to hydrogenation, (vi) acrylic esters, (vii) methacrylic esters, and (viii) mixtures thereof; and each B block comprising segments of one or more polymerized vinyl aromatic monomers selected from (i) unsubstituted styrene monomers, (ii) ortho-substituted styrene monomers, (iii) meta-substituted styrene monomers, (iv) alpha-methylstyrene, (v) para-substituted styrene having hydrogen on a para benzylic carbon center (vi) 1,1-diphenylethylene, (vii) 1,2-diphenylethylene and (viii) mixtures thereof. After lithiation, the lithiated polymer is reacted with at least one graftable functional molecule selected from the group consisting of an electrophilic graftable molecule containing a functional group and an electrophile. Preferred are carbon monoxide and ethylene oxide. Also claimed are processes for making such block copolymers, and the various end uses and applications for such block copolymers.

Agents that stimulate nuclear translocation of Nrf2 protein and the subsequent increases in gene products that detoxify and eliminate cytotoxic metabolites are provided in a method for treating glaucomatous retinopathy or optic neuropathy. The structurally diverse agents that act on the Nrf2/ARE pathway induce the expression of enzymes and proteins that possess chemically versatile cytoprotective properties and are a defense against toxic metabolites and xenobiotics. Agents include certain electrophiles and oxidants such as a Michael Addition acceptor, diphenol, thiocarbamate, quinone, 1,2-dithiole-3-thione, butylated hydroxyanisole, flavonoid, an isothiocyanate, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene, ethoxyquin, a coumarin, combinations thereof, or a pharmacologically active derivative or analog thereof.

A universal linker structure is provided, in which a functional group and activating leaving group are placed on a tether, allowing the placement of an electrophile at the end of any nucleic acid sequence. The electrophile on the tether can react with a second nucleic acid carrying a nucleophile when the two nucleic acids are hybridized near one another, resulting in release of the leaving group, and creation of a functional change. The linker can be designed to destabilize the ligation product without slowing the rate of reaction. This lowers product inhibition, and the target DNA or RNA can become a catalyst for isothermally generating multiple signals for detection. This enhanced signal is demonstrated in solution experiments and in solid supported assays. The universal linkers of the present invention are simple and inexpensive to prepare, and can be appended to any polynucleotide in automated steps on a standard DNA synthesizer.

A method for preparing organic products from aqueous solutions, such as waste or byproduct liquid streams and waste or byproduct gas or vapor streams, uses phase transfer catalysis to transfer a chemical species in low concentration from the aqueous solution to the organic phase or the aqueous-organic interface. The system has little or no organic solvent, and the organic phase contains an electrophile which participates in the reaction. In one embodiment, the aqueous solution is contacted with the electrophile and a phase transfer catalyst and, optionally, a pH adjusting agent in the event that the chemical species in the aqueous solution is not sufficiently ionized to react with the electrophile, and optionally an organic solvent. A method for continuously converting a chemical species involves this contacting step, separating the phases, then dividing the organic phase into the product, the phase transfer catalyst, and the optional organic solvent.

A method of preparing carbamates of the general formula RR'-N-CO2-R'' by reacting an amine with carbon dioxide and an organic electrophile in an anhydrous solvent in the presence of a cesium base, whereby carbamate synthesis is accomplished in good yield at mild temperatures, either in solution or on a solid support, and wherein R, R', and R'' are hydrogen, alkyl of 1-18 carbon atoms, silyl, phenyl, benzyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, allyl, or heterocycle, which are widely used as industrial products, and as intermediates in organic synthesis.

The invention relates to a method for producing 2- and 2,5-substituted derivatives of 4-(trifluoromethyl)-phenol and 4-(2-trifluoromethyl)-phenyl)-2-tetrahydropyranyl) ether and to novel derivatives. Said method is characterised in that a compound of formula (2) 4-(trifluoromethylphenyl)-2-(tetrahydropyranyl) ether is reacted with an electrophile E-X or a combination of electrophiles E-X and E-Y in the presence of a base, X and Y having the meanings given in the description.

The present invention is directed to a reagent for use in the preparation of organomagnesium compounds as well as to a method of preparing such organomagnesium compounds. The present invention furthermore provides a method of preparing functionalized or unfunctionalized organic compounds as well as the use of the reagents of the present invention in the preparation of organometallic compounds and their reaction with electrophiles. Finally, the present invention is directed to the use of lithium salts—LiY in the preparation of organometallic compounds and their reactions with electrophiles and to an organometallic compound which is obtainable by the disclosed method.

Specific plant extracts are applied topically to upregulate genes which code for proteins to prevent the build-up of and mitigate the activity of various harmful materials within the skin. These upregulated proteins include glutathione transferases, peroxiredoxins, oxidoreductases, glutaredoxins and glutathione syntheses. These proteins produce additional glutathione, glyoxalase I, maintain cellular redox homeostasis, reduce hydrogen peroxide and alkylhydroperoxides, and conjugate glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. Keratinocytes have been induced to significantly upregulate glutathione and glyoxalase I protein expression. Additionally, keratinocytes pre-treated with diallyl trisulfide have increased viability when exposed to ozone, UV radiation or cigarette smoke extract. The active material can be extracted from plants such as garlic, onions, shallots, leeks, chives, scallions, brussel sprouts, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, bok choy, kale, mustard, turnip or radish, may include any compound of the allyl sulfide family, and may be of synthetic origin.

A method and device for identifying a molecule in a sample, the molecule comprising an electrophilic or nucleophilic moiety. The method comprises contacting the sample with a plurality of chemosensors, each of the chemosensors comprising a π-conjugated system and a moiety having a nucleophilic property or an electrophilic property; and measuring an electromagnetic property of each of the chemosensors in the sample; whereby the pattern of changes in the electromagnetic properties of the plurality of chemosensors after chemically reacting with the electrophile or nucleophile of the molecule identifies the molecule in said sample. The device comprises a substrate carrying a plurality of chemosensor molecules having at least one predetermined electromagnetic property, the at least one electromagnetic property being changeable by subjecting the chemosensor molecules to a sample containing at least one electrophile or nuclephile, wherein the pattern of change of the electromagnetic property of the plurality of chemosensor molecules allows the device to identify the electrophile or nuclephile in the sample.

Improved methods for generating a —C—C— bond by cross-coupling of a transferable group with an acceptor group. The transferable group is a substituent of an organosilicon nucleophile and the acceptor group is provided as an organic electrophile. The reaction is catalyzed by a Group 10 transition metal complex (e.g., Ni, Pt or Pd), particularly by a palladium complex. Certain methods of this invention use improved organosilicon nucleophiles which are readily prepared, can give high product yields and exhibit high stereoselectivity. Methods of this invention employ activating ions such as halides, hydroxide, hydride and silyloxides. In specific embodiments, organosilicon nucleophilic reagents of this invention include siloxanes, particularly cyclic siloxanes. The combination of the cross-coupling reactions of this invention with ring-closing metathesis, hydrosilylation and intramolecular hydrosilylation reactions provide useful synthetic strategies that have wide application.

The invention relates to a nitration method having the following principles: a phosgene species is converted with two equivalent silver nitrates into a double-mixed anhydride of carbonic acid and nitric acid, known here as carbonic acid dinitrate (I). Said operation is carried out in situ, and the formed dinitrate decomposes spontaneously. In addition to carbon dioxide, nitrate ions and nitronium ions are formed, said ions comprising electrophiles which are necessary for nitration. The solution which is used is acetonitrile, and is insignificant if the alcohol species is dissolved or suspended. The necessary equivalent silver nitrates are introduced into the system and optionally heated or cooled to the desired temperature. Subsequently, the acid chloride is introduced slowly, drop by drop or slowly little by little. Phosgene, diphosgene, triphosgene and chloroformic acid ester can be used as carbonic acid dichloride and monochloride, and their thiocarbonic acid analogues. A brown colouration and precipitated silver chloride display the formation of the carbonic acid reactants, said brown colouration rapidly discolouring due to an immediate reaction of the nitronium ions with the substrate with is to be nitrated. Towards the end of the addition of phosgene, the brown colouration remains for longer and longer until it no longer disappears. Then, it is stirred for another hour at room temperature. In the event of high acid-sensitive educts, non-nucleophilic nitrogen bases such as DBU can be added to the system in order to intercept the formation of nitric acid.

A method simply produces a narrowly distributed and high-purity polyalkylene glycol derivative having an amino group at an end without using a heavy metal catalyst. A method for producing a polyalkylene glycol derivative having an amino group at the end by reacting a compound represented by the general formula (V) with an alkylene oxide, then reacting a reaction product with an electrophile represented by the general formula (I), and deprotecting the obtained product without using a heavy metal:

R_A³O(R_A⁴O)_k-1R_A⁴O⁻M⁺  (V)

• • wherein R_A³ represents a linear; branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms; R_A⁴ represents an alkylene group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms; k represents an integer of 2 to 5; and M represents an alkali metal;

A process for the stereoselective preparation of a P-chiral four-co-ordinated phosphorus compound, the process comprising reacting a first reactant selected from the group consisting of a chiral alcohol, chiral amine or chiral thiol, with a second reactant comprising a P-chiral three-co-ordinated phosphorus compound, in the presence of an electrophile.

The present invention advantageously provides ketal functional compounds that can be strong electrophiles under conditions compatible with ketal groups, are stable, crystalline solids at room temperature, and are much safer to handle than ketal iodides. The present invention accomplishes by incorporating aromatic sulfonyl moieties into ketal functional materials. The compounds are useful starting materials or intermediates in the synthesis of more complex organic molecules.