46 results about "HEMOSTATIC POWDER" patented technology

The invention relates to absorbable adhesive styptic powder and a preparation method thereof, and the absorbable adhesive styptic powder is characterized in that the absorbable adhesive styptic powder is formed by cross-linking aldehyde polysaccharide and a polyamino compound through Schiff base reaction, the raw materials are selected from at least one of glucan, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium hyaluronate, chitosan and carboxymethyl starch; the polyamino compound is selected from at least one of polylysine, polypeptide, bovine serum albumin and polyamine; the styptic powder is porous particles with the particle size of 10-1000 meshes, is cured into gel within 10 seconds after being in contact with body fluid, and is completely degraded within 15-60 days. According to the scheme, the styptic powder has the advantages of rapid wet adhesion, controllable degradation and excellent processability, and is an urgent clinical demand.

The invention discloses a preparation method and application of collagen derivative and polysaccharide substance compounded self-gel hemostatic powder, and relates to the field of biomedical materials. Aminated collagen derivatives and aldehyde polysaccharide substances are subjected to a Schiff base reaction through amino groups and aldehyde groups; further obtaining the Schiff base cross-linked aminated collagen derivative-aldehyde polysaccharide hydrogel, freeze-drying, and grinding into powder, so as to obtain the self-gel hemostatic powder. The self-gel hemostatic powder disclosed by the invention forms hydrogel in a wound tissue for adhesion and sealing, so that rapid hemostasis is realized, postoperative adhesion at the wound tissue is avoided, and healing of a wound is facilitated; after hemostasis is completed, the self-gel powder can be dissociated and removed from the tissue surface, and the risk that thrombus is formed and immunological rejection is caused is reduced; after hemostasis is completed, the hemostasis powder can be metabolized and absorbed by a human body along with thrombus, so that the residue of the hemostasis powder in the body is reduced, and the safety is improved.

The application discloses a medical hemostatic powder spraying device and relates to the technical field of medical hemostatic powder, which is characterized in that the device comprises a quantitative powder discharging assembly arranged in the interior of a shell and used for quantitatively discharging powder, a quantitative gas feeding assembly arranged in the interior of the shell and used for quantitatively feeding gas, and a linkage assembly arranged between the quantitative powder discharging assembly and the quantitative gas feeding assembly and used for controlling the quantitative powder discharging assembly and the quantitative gas feeding assembly to work cooperatively. The quantitative powder discharging assembly can quantitatively discharge the hemostatic powder, so that the powder discharging amount can be accurately controlled. The quantitative gas feeding assembly can quantitatively feed gas, so that the gas discharging amount is controlled, and the airflow for spraying the powder is more uniform. The quantitative powder discharging assembly and the quantitative gas feeding assembly work cooperatively, so that the accurate powder discharging amount is uniformly blown out, and the spreading of the hemostatic powder is more uniform and efficient.

A device for delivering an agent includes a valve assembly including a cavity for storing the agent and an agitation mechanism movably disposed inside the cavity. An inlet conduit fluidly coupled to a fluid source and the valve assembly. An outlet conduit fluidly coupled to the valve assembly, wherein the inlet and outlet conduit are each in fluid communication with the cavity. The agitation mechanism is configured to agitate the agent within the cavity in response to the agitation mechanism moving inside the cavity. The valve assembly is configured to urge the agitation mechanism to move inside the cavity in response to receiving a fluid from the fluid source via the inlet conduit, combine the fluid with the agent within the cavity in response to the agitation mechanism moving inside the cavity, and deliver a combination of the agent and the fluid out of the cavity through the outlet conduit.

The invention relates to the technical field of hemostatic materials, in particular to antibacterial and anti-inflammatory silicon carbide ore-based multifunctional hemostatic powder and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method of the silicon carbon ore-based multifunctional styptic powder comprises the following steps: S1, dispersing epsilon-polylysine and silicon carbon ore in water, then freeze-drying and grinding into powder; s2, the epsilon-polylysine modified silicon carbon ore is dispersed in water, and a Pl-EPL solution is prepared; s3, adding the Pl-EPL solution and the berberine solution into the polyacrylic acid solution, and uniformly mixing; and then, under a stirring condition, dropwise adding a polyethyleneimine solution into the mixed solution, freeze-drying, and grinding into powder. The hemostatic material disclosed by the invention can participate in the blood coagulation process more efficiently, exert antibacterial and antioxidant effects, reduce inflammatory response, realize multiple-effect synergy of hemostasis, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, and solve the limitation of a single-function hemostatic material.

The invention provides anti-inflammatory and healing-promoting hemostatic powder and a preparation method thereof. The rapid hemostatic powder is prepared from the following components in percentage by mass: 10 to 15 percent of cannabidiol, 4 to 8 percent of polyvinyl alcohol, 18 to 24 percent of polyacrylamide and the balance of quaternary ammonium salt-based chitosan. All the components are synergistically matched in proper mass percent, so that the effects of good blood compatibility and cell compatibility, fast gelling, high tissue adhesion and rapid hemostasis can be achieved. Meanwhile, the hemostatic powder has the advantages of good inflammation resistance and healing promotion. The hemostatic powder is suitable for accidents, operations and other scenes. In addition, the preparation method of the hemostatic material is simple and easy to implement, does not need to depend on complex processes and equipment, and is convenient for large-scale popularization.

The application discloses a fibrin-based hemostatic powder and a preparation method and application thereof. The hemostatic powder is prepared from fibrin and a hydrophilic biological macromolecule through in-situ blending, freeze-drying and grinding, and the hydrophilic biological macromolecule is one or more of carboxymethyl chitosan, epsilon-polylysine, gelatin and collagen. The hemostatic powder has a porous and loose microstructure, exhibits excellent powder forming property, rapid liquid absorption capacity (normal saline or blood) and strong hemostatic performance, and has a wide application prospect.

The application discloses a kind of multilayer nanostructure hemostatic powder and preparation method thereof, belong to the field of biomedical hemostatic material.To solve the problem of insufficient mechanical strength of existing silk fibroin-polyphenol hemostatic material, the silk fibroin solution is mixed with regenerated chitin nanofiber solution in proportion, and tea polyphenol solution is added dropwise to induce co-assembly and gelation, and the powder is prepared by washing, freeze-drying and grinding.The powder can quickly absorb water and self-gel after contacting with blood, and form a stable three-dimensional network hydrogel within a few seconds.The regenerated chitin nanofiber guides the formation of hierarchical nanostructure of silk fibroin through supramolecular interaction, significantly enhances the mechanical strength and adhesion, while tea polyphenol provides antibacterial, antioxidant and procoagulant functions.The hemostatic powder of the application has the functions of rapid hemostasis, strong adhesion in wet state, resistance to flushing and promotion of wound healing, and is suitable for various acute bleeding scenarios.

The invention relates to the technical field of styptic powder, in particular to adhesive styptic powder and a preparation method thereof.The adhesive styptic powder comprises oxidized dextran powder, gelatin powder and cross-linked methacrylated gelatin powder, and the weight ratio of the oxidized dextran powder to the gelatin powder to the cross-linked methacrylated gelatin powder is (0.2-1): (1-2): 1. Oxidized dextran is introduced to serve as a functional cross-linking agent, the aldehyde group oxidation degree of the oxidized dextran is accurately regulated and controlled, efficient and controllable reaction on gelatin amino is achieved, the adhesion capacity of the material to wet wounds is remarkably improved, methylacryloyl gelatin is introduced, and the adhesion capacity of the material to the wet wounds is remarkably improved by cooperatively controlling the methylacryloyl grafting degree, the pre-crosslinking degree and the three-component proportion of GelMA. Multiple action mechanisms of wound hemostasis and nursing are constructed; the cross-linked methacrylated gelatin treats early bleeding of the wound through imbibition swelling and blocking effects; after the oxidized dextran and the gelatin powder are dissolved, the oxidized dextran and the gelatin powder form an adhesive gel layer together with the cross-linked methacrylated gelatin, and the bleeding wound surface is firmly blocked.

The invention relates to the technical field of hemostatic medicine preparation devices, in particular to a bio-fiber hemostatic powder preparation device. Comprising a base, a fixed plate mounted at the top of the base, a stirring piece rotationally connected to the top of the fixed plate, a scraper fixedly connected to the bottom of the stirring piece and tightly attached to the top surface of the fixed plate, a top plate rotationally connected to the top of the stirring piece through a bearing, and a stirring barrel slidably connected to the outer sides of the fixed plate and the top plate, sealed stirring of styptic powder can be achieved through lifting movement of the stirring barrel, discharging of the styptic powder can also be completed, meanwhile, residual powder in the stirring barrel can be further rapidly discharged in a mode of the air blowing assembly, and therefore the styptic powder discharging device is convenient to use and high in practicability. Residual powder on the inner wall of the stirring barrel and on the surface of the fixing plate by the scraper plate can be cleaned through the supporting frame, the efficiency of quickly taking out the powder is improved, and the styptic powder is prepared in a sealed state, so that the loss of raw materials for dispersing the powder outside can be reduced.

The invention relates to the technical field of biomedical materials, in particular to a preparation process of absorbable styptic powder for abdominal visceral organ surgery, which comprises the following steps: reacting natural polysaccharide with a cross-linking agent to form a polysaccharide substrate material, preparing porous microspheres through emulsification and curing, mixing the porous microspheres with a degradable polymer to obtain composite particles, and drying the composite particles to obtain the absorbable styptic powder for abdominal visceral organ surgery. And surface modification is carried out. By introducing the porous microsphere structure, the controllable degradable polymer and the surface modification technology, the water absorption performance, the degradation rate and the tissue adhesion stability of the hemostatic powder are remarkably improved, meanwhile, the production process is simplified, the cost is reduced, and the clinical requirements for efficient, safe and convenient hemostatic materials are met.

The invention relates to wound in-situ self-gelling multifunctional composite hemostatic powder and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the field of biological materials, the method comprises the following steps: S1, preparing modified hyaluronic acid through an oxidation reaction and grafting dopamine hydrochloride, dialyzing, freeze-drying and grinding into powder; s2, preparing super-assembled mesoporous silica loaded with the analgesic drug, and drying and grinding the super-assembled mesoporous silica to form powder; s3, uniformly mixing the modified hyaluronic acid powder, the carboxymethyl chitosan powder and the super-assembled mesoporous silica powder according to different mass ratios to obtain the multifunctional composite styptic powder. The hemostatic powder prepared by the method is simple in process, low in cost and relatively high in biological safety. In addition, the hemostatic powder also has the excellent characteristics of rapid self-gelation, wet tissue adhesion, coagulation promotion, antibiosis, analgesia and wound repair promotion.

The invention discloses ionic cross-linked starch hemostatic powder and a preparation method and application thereof.The preparation method includes the steps that carboxymethyl starch with the substitution degree not smaller than 0.3 is dissolved in deionized water to be continuously stirred, a metal ion solution is quantitatively and dropwise added into the solution to obtain floccules, the floccules are centrifuged, washed and freeze-dried, and the ionic cross-linked starch hemostatic powder is obtained; the ionic cross-linked starch hemostatic powder is prepared. The preparation process is mild in reaction condition, a chemical cross-linking agent with poor biological safety is not needed, the process is simple and environment-friendly, and large-scale production is easy to realize.

A device for delivering an agent includes a valve assembly including a cavity for storing the agent and an agitation mechanism movably disposed inside the cavity. An inlet conduit fluidly coupled to a fluid source and the valve assembly. An outlet conduit fluidly coupled to the valve assembly, wherein the inlet and outlet conduit are each in fluid communication with the cavity. The agitation mechanism is configured to agitate the agent within the cavity in response to the agitation mechanism moving inside the cavity. The valve assembly is configured to urge the agitation mechanism to move inside the cavity in response to receiving a fluid from the fluid source via the inlet conduit, combine the fluid with the agent within the cavity in response to the agitation mechanism moving inside the cavity, and deliver a combination of the agent and the fluid out of the cavity through the outlet conduit.

In aspects, the present application provides hemostatic powder compositions, and methods of making and using such powder compositions. For example, the present application provides hemostatic powder compositions, comprising a modified chitosan comprising covalently attached hydrophobic grafts and / or benzenediol groups, and optionally oxidized forms of the benzenediol groups, along the chitosan backbone.

The application relates to the technical field of collagen materials, and particularly discloses a collagen material, a preparation method thereof and application of the collagen material in collagen hemostatic powder. The preparation method of the collagen material is as follows: enzyme hydrolysis reaction: adjusting a raw material sample liquid to pH 3.5-6.0, adding a composite enzyme, carrying out enzyme hydrolysis at a temperature of 30-40 DEG C for 4-12 h, and centrifuging to obtain a supernatant; the composite enzyme is composed of trypsin and phospholipase in a weight ratio of 1-5:0.02-0.08; alkali treatment: adjusting the supernatant to pH>13, and carrying out alkali treatment at a temperature of 15-25 DEG C for more than 40 h; neutralization reaction: adjusting pH to 6.8-7.6, eluting, and removing water by extrusion, so that the collagen material is obtained. The application also provides application of the collagen material in the collagen hemostatic powder. The collagen hemostatic powder provided by the application has excellent hemostatic function and water absorption efficiency, and the hemostatic material has high stability.

The invention provides a solid wound hemostasis spider web band-aid for treating wound bleeding and a manufacturing method of the solid wound hemostasis spider web band-aid, and belongs to the technical field of band-aids. The band-aid comprises a medicine core covering film, a water-absorbable combined medicine core, a medical pressure-sensitive adhesive and an elastic cloth backing, the water-absorbable combined medicine core is arranged above the medicine core covering film, and the medical pressure-sensitive adhesive is arranged on the elastic cloth backing; the medical pressure-sensitive adhesive is arranged above the water-absorbable combined medicine core in a covering mode, and the elastic cloth backing is arranged above the medical pressure-sensitive adhesive. According to the invention, araneus cobweb and gold sore hemostatic powder is used, and the principle of araneus cobweb hemostasis in the aspect of current western medicine is perfectly applied: the araneus cobweb has high-efficiency water absorption, and the araneus cobweb has the functions of stopping bleeding and stopping gold sore bleeding due to the intelligent crystallization of ancient predecessor, the main liking function of araneus cobweb and the current western medicine; a substance named as' serine 'in araneus cobweb has a hemostasis effect and the araneus cobweb has high-efficiency water absorption; the hemostasis and tissue regeneration promoting prescription of the traditional Chinese medicine golden-skin-wound hemostasis powder is also found, effective hemostasis components or medicinal materials of the golden-skin-wound hemostasis powder and the golden-skin-wound hemostasis powder are extracted, Chinese and western are combined, innovation is combined, and the uniqueness of the product is embodied.

A device for delivering an agent includes a valve assembly including an enclosure for storing the agent, an agitation mechanism rotatably disposed inside the enclosure, and a tube disposed inside the enclosure and extending through the agitation mechanism. The tube includes a channel having a longitudinal length defined between a first opening at a first end of the tube and a second opening at a second end of the tube. The agitation mechanism is configured to direct a fluid received in the enclosure towards the agent stored therein in response to rotating about the tube, thereby agitating the agent within the enclosure. The tube is configured to receive a mixture of the fluid and the agent at the second opening and direct the mixture through the channel for delivery out of the enclosure via the first opening.

The application belongs to the technical field of biomedical materials, and particularly relates to a zwitterionic modified amino polysaccharide-based material, a preparation method and application thereof, and a hemostatic powder. The application provides a zwitterionic modified amino polysaccharide-based material, which comprises a zwitterionic modified amino polysaccharide-based polymer and oxidized hyaluronic acid; the zwitterionic modified amino polysaccharide-based polymer is obtained by reaction of an amino polysaccharide-based polymer and a zwitterionic monomer; and the mass ratio of the zwitterionic modified amino polysaccharide-based polymer to the oxidized hyaluronic acid is 3 / 1-1 / 3. The zwitterionic modified amino polysaccharide-based material provided by the application has excellent tissue adhesion performance, can effectively stay in a damaged area and block a wound, and has excellent water absorption / blood absorption performance, portability and a sprayable characteristic.

The invention relates to piezoelectric antibacterial supramolecular self-gel hemostatic powder as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of biomedical materials and wound repair. The piezoelectric antibacterial supramolecular self-gel hemostatic powder is prepared by drying and grinding hydrogel, and the hydrogel is prepared by uniformly dispersing nano-clay and piezoelectric nano-particles in a network structure formed by supermolecular interaction of a zwitterionic polymer and polyacrylic acid; the zwitterionic polymer is [2-(methylacryloyloxy) ethyl] dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide. The hemostatic powder disclosed by the invention has excellent powder-gel reversibility and adjustable ultrasonic responsiveness, and a better solution is provided for acute bleeding treatment and infected wound healing.

The present application provides a kind of water-sensitive in-situ ultrafast self-gelling hemostatic powder, which is prepared by mixing and low-temperature grinding the following raw materials in the following weight ratio: grafted mercapto gelatin 1-2 parts, grafted catechol group hyaluronic acid 1-2 parts.The present application also provides a preparation method and use of the water-sensitive in-situ ultrafast self-gelling hemostatic powder.The hemostatic powder combines the characteristics of rapid water absorption, strong adhesion and biocompatibility, making it an ideal candidate for a wide range of medical applications, including hemostasis, wound sealing and tissue regeneration.

This invention provides silk fibroin microspheres with a surface microporous structure, their preparation method, and applications. The method involves spraying a silk fibroin solution or a mixture of silk fibroin solution and a water-soluble polymer solution into liquid nitrogen to form microspheres, followed by annealing and crystallization at elevated temperatures, and finally thawing or freeze-drying to form Silk I silk fibroin microspheres. The silk fibroin microspheres obtained by this method are entirely based on an aqueous system, requiring no chemical reagents or post-treatment, and remain stable in water. The microspheres prepared by this method have a highly porous surface, a nanoscale hierarchical structure internally, and are rapidly biodegradable. Based on the advantages of green preparation, numerous micropores on the surface, high internal specific surface area, and rapid degradability, these silk fibroin microspheres can be applied in cell expansion, drug delivery, cell microscaffolds, hemostatic powders, and other fields.

The application belongs to the technical field of bioengineering, and particularly relates to a bacteriostatic mesoporous starch hemostatic powder and a preparation method thereof. The method comprises the following steps: (1) starch gelatinization; (2) enzyme hydrolysis and debranching; (3) regulating self-assembly of the debranching solution; and (4) drying to obtain the bacteriostatic mesoporous starch hemostatic powder. The application regulates the kinetic properties of micro-particle self-assembly of short-chain glucan (SCG) by adding chitosan to the SCG solution produced by hydrolysis of starch by pullulanase, and induces the SCG to form a mesoporous structure. The preparation process is a green and efficient preparation method of the mesoporous starch hemostatic powder, and does not require strong acid and strong base, harmful organic solvents, high temperature and high pressure and other conditions. Meanwhile, the particle size and pore structure of the mesoporous starch can be regulated by the concentration of chitosan, and the prepared starch has stable pore structure, uniform particle size and pore distribution, and has a broad market prospect.

The utility model discloses a styptic powder thruster which comprises an elastic annular medicine feeding bottle capable of being filled with styptic powder, one end of the elastic annular medicine feeding bottle is detachably connected with a thrusting tube, a thrusting assembly is arranged in the elastic annular medicine feeding bottle, and a powder outlet hole is formed in the end, connected with the thrusting tube, of the elastic annular medicine feeding bottle. The hemostatic powder can be conveyed in a constant thrust mode through the elastic propeller and the propelling assembly, and the hemostatic effect can be improved in the mode of increasing the propelling force through cooperation of the elastic propeller and the propelling assembly.

The utility model provides a hemostatic material bag which comprises a hemostatic bag body, hemostatic powder is filled in the hemostatic bag body, and the hemostatic bag body is made of a water-soluble film material and is sealed into a sealed bag through vacuum thermoplastic packaging. According to the hemostatic material bag, the hemostatic powder is loaded in the hemostatic bag body made of the water-soluble film material for use, when the hemostatic material bag is used, an opening is formed in the hemostatic bag body, and the hemostatic material bag covers a wound to enable the hemostatic powder to be in contact with blood, so that hemostasis can be performed; the styptic powder is coated by the water-soluble film, so that the styptic powder is convenient to quantitatively take and use, is not easy to disperse by blood during use, has a good wound plugging effect, and is not easy to disperse and adhere to other tissues around the wound; the hemostasis bag body is small in adhesion to a wound and surrounding tissues, the whole hemostasis bag body can be taken out conveniently after hemostasis is finished, and wound tearing and secondary bleeding are not prone to being caused; meanwhile, the hemostatic powder is independently packaged in the hemostatic bag body, so that the hemostatic bag is convenient to store, not easy to pollute and safer and more reliable.

A hemostatic powder for rapid hemostasis of traumatic bleeding, a preparation method therefor and the use thereof. The hemostatic powder comprises: sodium alginate, CaCl2 and Ce(NO3)3•6H2O. The hemostatic powder can absorb water and undergo a cross-linking reaction to form a hydrogel in situ on wound surfaces, so as to form a hyperbranched network structure. The hemostatic powder has good water absorption capacity and mechanical properties, and thus has good clinical application and translational potentials in the aspect of prehospital rapid hemostasis.

The invention provides hemostatic cryogel as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The hemostatic cryogel provided by the invention solves the problems that a traditional hemostatic mode (pressing, gauze and the like) in a non-compressible hemorrhage scene cannot effectively block, biological gel is easy to scour and hemostatic powder is difficult to stay, and the performance imbalance problem that traditional cryogel is poor in mechanical toughness, easy to collapse and insufficient in whole blood imbibition capacity; the problems that part of hemostatic materials are non-degradable and contain risk additives (such as carbon nanotubes) are solved, and the problems that an existing preparation technology is complex, the equipment requirement is high, the raw material cost is high, and large-scale production is difficult are solved. The invention also provides a preparation method and application of the hemostatic cryogel.

The invention discloses self-crosslinking visceral hemostatic powder as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: dissolving carboxymethyl chitosan and sodium alginate grafted dopamine in a solvent, and stirring until the carboxymethyl chitosan and the sodium alginate grafted dopamine are completely dissolved; dissolving oxidized guar gum in a solvent, and stirring to completely dissolve the oxidized guar gum; freeze-drying the two obtained solutions, and mixing to obtain mixed powder of carboxymethyl chitosan, sodium alginate grafted dopamine and oxidized guar gum; and adding an activating agent into the mixed powder, and uniformly mixing to obtain the self-crosslinking visceral hemostatic powder. The self-crosslinking visceral hemostatic powder prepared by the invention has good biocompatibility, excellent free radical scavenging ability and antibacterial ability, and can be applied to safe and efficient hemostasis and wound healing of deep incompressible visceral hemorrhage wounds.

The utility model discloses a kind of self-adhesive wound protective stickers, including supporting base layer, release paper and adhesive layer, the center of supporting base layer bottom is provided with cavity, the edge position of inside of cavity is provided with antibacterial layer, antibacterial layer below is provided with hemostatic absorbent cotton layer, the inside of hemostatic absorbent cotton layer is uniformly provided with analgesic powder and hemostatic powder, and the inside of antibacterial layer above hemostatic absorbent cotton layer is provided with drug sustained-release layer, the inside of drug sustained-release layer is uniformly provided with biodegradable material bag, the inside of each biodegradable material bag is filled with healing drug.The breathable film layer of the utility model is arranged on the top of antibacterial layer, below the secondary waterproof film layer, this design not only ensures waterproof effect, but also can tear the secondary waterproof film layer when necessary, allow the gas exchange of skin at wound, avoid the skin stuffy, uncomfortable and other problems caused by poor breathability, improve the use experience of patient.

The invention relates to the technical field of biomedical materials and medical instruments, in particular to self-gelation absorbable styptic powder and a simple and efficient preparation method thereof, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: taking a cationic polyelectrolyte, an anionic polyelectrolyte and a hydration aid, grinding and mixing; wherein the cationic polyelectrolyte is selected from one or more of quaternized chitosan, chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharide, and the anionic polyelectrolyte is selected from one or more of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate and carrageenan. According to the styptic powder, physical plugging of a bleeding part which cannot be pressed can be achieved, the problems that macromolecular styptic powder easily floats on the surface of blood and is easily dispersed by blood flow are solved, the styptic capacity is improved, the application scene of the styptic powder is expanded, and meanwhile formed gel can be degraded in vivo and does not need to be taken out. The styptic powder obtained by the method has the advantages of high water absorption rate, high strength after gelatinization, difficulty in collapsing, strong tissue adhesion and the like.