The present invention relates to the field of medical detection equipment and visual acuity screening instrument, in particular to a portable visual acuity screening instrument and an optical path structure thereof. The visual acuity screening instrument comprises a circuit system and an optical path structure. The circuit system is a dual-processor structure, which comprises an ARM processor, anFPGA, an SDRAM, an ultrasonic ranging circuit, a temperature detection circuit, an ambient light detection circuit, a wireless charging circuit and the like. The optical structure includes near-infrared light source, a collimator lens, a CCD image sensor, a HS sensor, a high-pass filter and so on. The instrument of the present invention can be used for adults, Fast, accurate and comprehensive visual screening and analysis for infants and children, patients with special diseases and other groups can be used to detect spherical lens power, cylindrical lens power, cylindrical lens angle, pupil size, pupil distance, refractive abnormality and fixation direction, which is suitable for hospitals, physical examination centers, schools, optical shops and other institutions.