The invention relates to a fiber grating two-dimensional vibration sensor with an adjustable measuring range. The fiber grating two-dimensional vibration sensor comprises a cylindrical and hollow base, the inner surface of the base is provided with a convex ring, a coaxial threaded round rod is fixed to the inner bottom surface of the base, the middle of the threaded round rod is sleeved by a pair of mass rings through screw-thread fit, a coaxial fiber fixing plate is fixed at the top end of the threaded round rod, a fiber grating is fixed on the fiber fixing plate and the convex ring, a first grating to a fourth grating are arranged on the fiber grating successively and are all located in the annulus space between the fiber fixing plate and the convex ring. When a certain point on the axis of the threaded round rod is used as an origin, a plane passing through the origin and perpendicular to the axis is defined as a coordinate plane. The first grating and the second grating are located in the X-axis direction, the third grating and the fourth grating are located in the Y-axis direction, and the pre-tightening forces of the first grating to the fourth grating are equal. The sensor uses a fiber grating as a sensing element, is high in measurement accuracy, can flexibly change sensitivity to adjust a measuring range, and eliminates the influence of the accidental factors.