A light-weight long-distance underwater LED wireless optical communication transmission system comprises a transmitting terminal used for transmitting optical signals. The transmitting terminal comprises a data acquisition module; a transmitting end electro-optical conversion module; a transmitting end transmission optical fiber; A transmitting terminal with the watertight mechanical structure which comprises a transmitting terminal photoelectric conversion module, a transmitting end digital signal processing module, a digital-to-analog conversion module, an amplifier, an LED array, a DC biasmodule, a transmitting end lens assembly. A receiving end is used for receiving the optical signal transmitted by the transmitting end, comprises: a receiving end with a watertight mechanical structure, which is arranged underwater, and comprises a receiving end lens assembly, a detector, a transimpedance amplifier, a balancing and filtering module, an analog-to-digital conversion module, a receiving end digital signal processing module, a receiving end electro-optical conversion module, a receiving end transmits the optical fiber, a receiving end photoelectric conversion module, and a data recovery module. The optical fiber is light in weight, the system is suitable for long-distance transmission, cannot be interfered by electromagnetic interference, and is accurate in signal transmission.