The invention discloses a high strength heat resistant modified polyurethane composite material. The material comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 100 parts of polyurethane, 25 to 40 parts of chloroprene rubber, 15 to 30 parts of methyl vinyl silicone rubber, 3 to 5 parts of stearic acid, 0.5 to 2 parts of zinc oxide, 0.5 to 1.5 parts of sulfur, 2 to 3 parts of MgO, 10 to 18 parts of fume colloidal silica, 5 to 15 parts of attapulgite, 3 to 15 parts of hollow glass micro-beads, 10 to 20 parts of polyurethane modified filler, 2 to 5 parts of diphenyl silanediol, 2 to 3.5 parts of hexamethyl disilazane, 0.5 to 2 parts of an accelerant and 1 to 2 parts of an antiager. The high strength heat resistant modified polyurethane composite material is high in strength, excellent in heat resistance and long in service life.