The invention discloses a supporting structure with two rows of steel sheet piles and a construction method of the supporting structure. The supporting structure comprises the front-row steel sheet piles, the back-row steel sheet piles, enclosing purlins, clamping grooves, connecting beams and bolts; each row of the steel sheet piles are connected into a whole through the corresponding enclosing purlin, the clamping grooves are formed in the pile tops of the steel sheet piles, the ends of the connecting beams are aligned with the clamping grooves, and the steel sheet piles, the clamping grooves and the connecting beams are all provided with bolt holes and fixed through the bolts for one time. The construction method comprises the steps that firstly, the front-row steel sheet piles and the back-row steel sheet piles are driven, and the enclosing purlins are erected; secondly, the clamping grooves are formed, the connecting beams are fixed, and precipitation is conducted on soil masses and foundation pits which are located between the pile rows; lastly, the foundation pits are excavated, and underground structures are constructed. According to the supporting structure and the construction method, steel structures can be recycled, and the pile tops of the front-row steel sheet piles and the pile tops of the back-row steel sheet piles achieve deformation coordination by fixing the connecting beams; by conducting precipitation on the soil masses between the pile rows, the horizontal borne force of the front-row steel sheet piles is greatly decreased, the seepage path is widened, the foundation pit excavation safety is improved, and the construction cost is reduced.